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Betacel is considered to be the first commercially successful betavoltaic battery. [1] [2] [3] It was developed in the early 1970s by Larry C. Olsen at the American corporation McDonnell Douglas, using the radioisotope Promethium-147 as the beta-electron source coupled to silicon semiconductor cells.
Nuclear batteries began in 1913, when Henry Moseley first demonstrated a current generated by charged-particle radiation. In the 1950s and 1960s, this field of research got much attention for applications requiring long-life power sources for spacecraft. In 1954, RCA researched a small atomic battery for small radio receivers and hearing aids. [4]
A betavoltaic device (betavoltaic cell or betavoltaic battery) is a type of nuclear battery that generates electric current from beta particles emitted from a radioactive source, using semiconductor junctions. A common source used is the hydrogen isotope tritium.
Diagram of an RTG used on the Cassini probe. A radioisotope thermoelectric generator (RTG, RITEG), sometimes referred to as a radioisotope power system (RPS), is a type of nuclear battery that uses an array of thermocouples to convert the heat released by the decay of a suitable radioactive material into electricity by the Seebeck effect.
A solid-state silicon battery or silicon-anode all-solid-state battery is a type of rechargeable lithium-ion battery consisting of a solid electrolyte, solid cathode, and silicon-based solid anode. [1] [2] In solid-state silicon batteries, lithium ions travel through a solid electrolyte from a positive cathode to a negative silicon anode. While ...
Citizen's watches use lithium-ion batteries to store sufficient energy to power the watch for up to five years without light exposure, [3] by allowing the watch to enter a power-saving or hibernation mode during which the seconds hand stops until the watch is re-exposed to light. Not all have a power-save mode, yet will still hold a charge for ...
Button, coin, or watch cells. A button cell, watch battery, or coin battery is a small battery made of a single electrochemical cell and shaped as a squat cylinder typically 5 to 25 mm (0.197 to 0.984 in) in diameter and 1 to 6 mm (0.039 to 0.236 in) high – resembling a button.
The specific energy of the silicon-air battery is estimated to be 8470 Wh/kg and the energy density is about 2109.0 Wh/L. The battery voltage is 1 – 1.2 V. [6] By the use of a dedicated electrolyte flow system, discharge times of more than 1000 hours can be achieved for aqueous electrolytes, which allows for 100% usage of the silicon anode. [11]