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  2. Letter frequency - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Letter_frequency

    The California Job Case was a compartmentalized box for printing in the 19th century, sizes corresponding to the commonality of letters. The frequency of letters in text has been studied for use in cryptanalysis, and frequency analysis in particular, dating back to the Arab mathematician al-Kindi (c. AD 801–873 ), who formally developed the method (the ciphers breakable by this technique go ...

  3. Anagrams (game) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anagrams_(game)

    If neither can make a word using the G, another tile will be revealed. Anagrams (also published under names including Anagram, Snatch and Word Making and Taking) is a tile-based word game that involves rearranging letter tiles to form words. The game pieces are a set of tiles with letters on one side.

  4. Pangram - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pangram

    Pangram writers in these languages are forced to choose between only using those letters found in native words or incorporating exotic loanwords into their pangrams. Some words, such as the Gaelic-derived whisk(e)y, which has been borrowed by many languages and uses the letters k, w and y, are a frequent fixture of many foreign pangrams.

  5. Frequency analysis - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frequency_analysis

    For this example, uppercase letters are used to denote ciphertext, lowercase letters are used to denote plaintext (or guesses at such), and X~t is used to express a guess that ciphertext letter X represents the plaintext letter t. Eve could use frequency analysis to help solve the message along the following lines: counts of the letters in the ...

  6. Palilalia - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palilalia

    Palilalia is defined as the repetition of the speaker's words or phrases, often for a varying number of repeats. Repeated units are generally whole sections of words and are larger than a syllable, with words being repeated the most often, followed by phrases, and then syllables or sounds.

  7. Longest word in English - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Longest_word_in_English

    The longest English word typable using only the top row of letters has 11 letters: rupturewort. The word teetertotter (used in North American English) is longer at 12 letters, although it is usually spelled with a hyphen. The longest using only the middle row is shakalshas (10 letters). Nine-letter words include flagfalls; eight-letter words ...

  8. Lexicographic order - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lexicographic_order

    The monoid of words over an alphabet A is the free monoid over A. That is, the elements of the monoid are the finite sequences (words) of elements of A (including the empty sequence, of length 0), and the operation (multiplication) is the concatenation of words. A word u is a prefix (or 'truncation') of another word v if there exists a word w ...

  9. Exponential growth - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exponential_growth

    For any fixed b not equal to 1 (e.g. e or 2), the growth rate is given by the non-zero time τ. For any non-zero time τ the growth rate is given by the dimensionless positive number b. Thus the law of exponential growth can be written in different but mathematically equivalent forms, by using a different base.