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The history of Iran (or Persia, as it was known in the Western world) is intertwined with Greater Iran, a sociocultural region spanning from Anatolia to the Indus River and from the Caucasus to the Persian Gulf.
The Achaemenid Empire or Achaemenian Empire, [16] also known as the Persian Empire [16] or First Persian Empire [17] (/ ə ˈ k iː m ə n ɪ d /; Old Persian: 𐎧𐏁𐏂, Xšāça, lit. 'The Empire' [ 18 ] or 'The Kingdom' [ 19 ] ), was an Iranian empire founded by Cyrus the Great of the Achaemenid dynasty in 550 BC .
Recognised as Shah of Persia after the Siege of Isfahan: Shah: Ashraf Hotak: 1700 cousin of Mahmud Hotak: 22 April 1725 – 5 October 1729 5 October 1729 Ruled in opposition to Tahmasp II and lost control of Persia after the Battle of Damghan: Safavid Restoration Shah: Tahmasp II: 1704 son of Sultan Husayn: 11 September 1722 – 11 February ...
Russo-Persian War (1826–1828) Facing the possibility of a Russian conquest of Tehran and with Tabriz already occupied, Persia signed the Treaty of Turkmenchay; decisive and final cession of the last Caucasian territories of Iran comprising modern-day Armenia, the remainder of the Azerbaijan Republic that was still in Iranian hands, and Igdir ...
Herodotus in Histories gives an account on a debate over the constitution of Iran (Persia) in 522 BC, where Otanes argued in favor of democracy, [13] [14] the principle of equality before the law, [15] and the accountable government.
The history of the Achaemenid dynasty is mainly known through Greek historians, such as Herodotus, Thucydides, and Xenophon. Additional sources include the Hebrew Bible , other Jewish religious texts , and native Iranian sources .
Compared with the earlier Achaemenid Empire, the Parthian government was notably decentralized. [198] An indigenous historical source reveals that territories overseen by the central government were organized in a similar manner to the Seleucid Empire.
The rise of Persia under Cyrus's rule had a profound impact on the course of world history, including in forms of Iranian philosophy, literature and religion. Many of the Iranian dynasties following the Achaemenid Empire and their kings saw themselves as the heirs to Cyrus the Great and have claimed to continue the line begun by Cyrus.