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The 1945 State Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia ( Indonesian: Undang-Undang Dasar Negara Republik Indonesia Tahun 1945, commonly abbreviated as UUD 1945 or UUD '45) is the supreme law and basis for all laws of Indonesia . The constitution was written in June–August 1945, in the final months of the Japanese occupation of the Dutch ...
3 nominated by DPR, 3 by the President, 3 by the Supreme Court, and Presidential appointment. The Constitutional Court of the Republic of Indonesia ( Indonesian: Mahkamah Konstitusi Republik Indonesia) is one of the apex courts in Indonesia along with the Indonesian Supreme Court. Its primary role is reviewing the constitutionality of Acts ...
Multi-level (or multilevel) governance is a term used to describe the way power is spread vertically between levels of government and horizontally across multiple quasi-government and non-governmental organizations and actors. [ 1] This situation develops because countries have multiple levels of government including local, regional, state ...
Edmund Gustav Albrecht Husserl (/ ˈ h ʊ s ɜːr l / HUUSS-url, [14] [15] [16] US also / ˈ h ʊ s ər əl / HUUSS-ər-əl, [17] German: [ˈɛtmʊnt ˈhʊsɐl]; [18] 8 April 1859 – 27 April 1938 [19]) was an Austrian-German philosopher and mathematician who established the school of phenomenology.
e. The School of Diplomacy ( simplified Chinese: 纵 横 家; traditional Chinese: 縱橫家; pinyin: Zōng héng Jiā ), or the School of Vertical and Horizontal Alliances was a political and diplomatic clique during the Warring States period of Chinese history (476-220 BCE). According to the Book of Han, the school was one of the Nine Schools ...
Hijau: Negara yang tidak memiliki angkatan bersenjata. Biru: Negara yang tidak menerapkan wajib militer. Ungu: Negara yang memiliki sistem wajib militer aktif, tetapi kurang dari 20% dari seluruh kelompok usia (mencakup pria atau wanita), atau 40% dari seluruh kelompok usia pria jika hanya pria yang wajib militer diwajibkan untuk menjadi tentara.
In law, horizontal effect refers to the ability of legal requirements meant to apply only to public bodies to affect private rights. It arises where a court dealing with a legal dispute between purely private entities interprets a legal provision to be consistent with certain legal norms in such a way as to affect the legal rights and obligations of the parties before it.
Vertical effect refers to, in English law, the way in which the Human Rights Act impacts on the relationship between individual citizens and the state. The Human Rights Act states that the Act applies to public bodies meaning that any citizens satisfying the test for standing can fight a case based upon a breach of a Convention right. In recent ...