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e. The School of Diplomacy ( simplified Chinese: 纵 横 家; traditional Chinese: 縱橫家; pinyin: Zōng héng Jiā ), or the School of Vertical and Horizontal Alliances was a political and diplomatic clique during the Warring States period of Chinese history (476-220 BCE). According to the Book of Han, the school was one of the Nine Schools ...
Wagner's law, also known as the law of increasing [a] state activity, [2] is the observation that public expenditure increases as national income rises. [3] It is named after the German economist Adolph Wagner (1835–1917), who first observed the effect in his own country and then for other countries.
Multi-level governance. Multi-level (or multilevel) governance is a term used to describe the way power is spread vertically between levels of government and horizontally across multiple quasi-government and non-governmental organizations and actors. [ 1] This situation develops because countries have multiple levels of government including ...
The separation of powers principle functionally differentiates several types of state power (usually law-making, adjudication, and execution) and requires these operations of government to be conceptually and institutionally distinguishable and articulated, thereby maintaining the integrity of each. [ 1]
The zipper system, also known as "vertical parity" or the "zebra system", [ 1][ 2] is an electoral mechanism intended to enforce gender parity in countries using party-list proportional representation with closed lists. It requires that parties alternate between candidates of either gender on their candidate lists, meaning that 50% of the ...
News values are "criteria that influence the selection and presentation of events as published news." These values help explain what makes something "newsworthy." [ 1] News values are not universal and can vary between different cultures. Among the many lists of news values that have been drawn up by scholars and journalists, some attempt to ...
Vertical integration is the degree to which a firm owns its upstream suppliers and its downstream buyers. The differences depend on where the firm is placed in the order of the supply chain. There are three varieties of vertical integration: backward (upstream) vertical integration, forward (downstream) vertical integration, and balanced (both ...
The word horizontal is derived from the Latin horizon, which derives from the Greek ὁρῐ́ζων, meaning 'separating' or 'marking a boundary'. [2] The word vertical is derived from the late Latin verticalis, which is from the same root as vertex, meaning 'highest point' or more literally the 'turning point' such as in a whirlpool.