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  2. Vertical integration - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vertical_integration

    Vertical integration is the degree to which a firm owns its upstream suppliers and its downstream buyers. The differences depend on where the firm is placed in the order of the supply chain. There are three varieties of vertical integration: backward (upstream) vertical integration, forward (downstream) vertical integration, and balanced (both ...

  3. Horizontal integration - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horizontal_integration

    Marketing. Horizontal integration is the process of a company increasing production of goods or services at the same level of the value chain, in the same industry. A company may do this via internal expansion or through mergers and acquisitions. [ 1][ 2][ 3] The process can lead to monopoly if a company captures the vast majority of the market ...

  4. Molecular symmetry - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecular_symmetry

    Elements. The point group symmetry of a molecule is defined by the presence or absence of 5 types of symmetry element. Symmetry axis: an axis around which a rotation by. 360 ∘ n {\displaystyle {\tfrac {360^ {\circ }} {n}}} results in a molecule indistinguishable from the original. This is also called an n -fold rotational axis and abbreviated Cn.

  5. AP Chemistry - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AP_Chemistry

    AP Chemistry is a course geared toward students with interests in chemical biologies, as well as any of the biological sciences. The course aims to prepare students to take the AP Chemistry exam toward the end of the academic year. AP Chemistry covers most introductory general chemistry topics (excluding organic chemistry ), including: Reactions.

  6. Lebesgue integral - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lebesgue_integral

    e. In mathematics, the integral of a non-negative function of a single variable can be regarded, in the simplest case, as the area between the graph of that function and the X axis. The Lebesgue integral, named after French mathematician Henri Lebesgue, is one way to make this concept rigorous and to extend it to more general functions.

  7. Fischer projection - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fischer_projection

    Fischer projections were originally proposed for the depiction of carbohydrates and used by chemists, particularly in organic chemistry and biochemistry. The use of Fischer projections in non-carbohydrates is discouraged, as such drawings are ambiguous and easily confused with other types of drawing. The main purpose of Fischer projections is ...

  8. Advanced Placement exams - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advanced_Placement_exams

    Advanced Placement ( AP) examinations are exams offered in United States by the College Board and are taken each May by students. The tests are the culmination of year-long Advanced Placement (AP) courses, which are typically offered at the high school level. AP exams (with few exceptions [ 1]) have a multiple-choice section and a free-response ...

  9. Diagonal relationship - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diagonal_relationship

    In chemistry, a diagonal relationship is said to exist between certain pairs of diagonally adjacent elements in the second and third periods (first 20 elements) of the periodic table. These pairs ( lithium (Li) and magnesium (Mg), beryllium (Be) and aluminium (Al), boron (B) and silicon (Si), etc.) exhibit similar properties; for example, boron ...