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Overlay network diagram for an unstructured P2P network, illustrating the ad hoc nature of the connections between nodes. Unstructured peer-to-peer networks do not impose a particular structure on the overlay network by design, but rather are formed by nodes that randomly form connections to each other. [22]
The physical network topology can be directly represented in a network diagram, as it is simply the physical graph represented by the diagrams, with network nodes as vertices and connections as undirected or direct edges (depending on the type of connection). [3] The logical network topology can be inferred from the network diagram if details ...
A desire to peer with the upstream transit provider of the peered network. Abuse of the interconnection by the other party, such as pointing default or utilizing the peer for transit. Instability of the peered network, repeated routing leaks, lack of response to network abuse issues, etc.
The model allows transparent communication through equivalent exchange of protocol data units (PDUs) between two parties, through what is known as peer-to-peer networking (also known as peer-to-peer communication). As a result, the OSI reference model has not only become an important piece among professionals and non-professionals alike, but ...
Nodes in an overlay network can be thought of as being connected by virtual or logical links, each of which corresponds to a path, perhaps through many physical links, in the underlying network. For example, distributed systems such as peer-to-peer networks are overlay networks because their nodes form networks over existing network connections.
Network topology is the topological [4] structure of a network and may be depicted physically or logically. It is an application of graph theory [3] wherein communicating devices are modeled as nodes and the connections between the devices are modeled as links or lines between the nodes.
A virtual private network (VPN) is an overlay network in which some of the links between nodes are carried by open connections or virtual circuits in some larger network (e.g., the Internet) instead of by physical wires. The data link layer protocols of the virtual network are said to be tunneled through the larger network.
The matching layer, or "peer", decodes the data to extract the original service data unit, decide if it is error-free and where to send it next, etc. Unless we have already arrived at the lowest (physical) layer, the PDU is passed to the peer using services of the next lower layer in the protocol "stack".