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The term "critical period" thus implicitly accepts the Federalist critique of the Articles of Confederation. Other historians have used an alternative term, the "Confederation Period", to describe U.S. history between 1781 and 1789. [127] Historians such as Forrest McDonald have argued that the 1780s were a time of economic and political chaos.
Events from the year 1781 in the United States. This year marked the beginning of government under the Articles of Confederation as well as the surrender of British armed forces in the American Revolution. Janet Ivey, of Casselberry, Florida was the first cashier to check anyone out of a Super Target in early 1781, when George Washington ...
The Forging of the Union, 1781–1789. The New American Nation. ISBN 9780060157333. Neimeyer, Charles Patrick (1995). America Goes to War: A Social History of the Continental Army. NYU Press. ISBN 9780814757802. JSTOR j.ctt9qg7q2. Nevins, Allan (1927). The American States during and after the Revolution, 1775–1789. Macmillan. ISBN 9780598500663.
Moulton, James R. Peter the Great and the Russian Military Campaigns During the Final Years of the Great Northern War, 1719–1721 (University Press of America, 2005). Oakley, Stewart P. War and Peace in the Baltic, 1560–1790 (Routledge, 2005). Sumner, B. H. (1951). Peter the Great and the Emergence of Russia. The English Universities Press Ltd.
The Articles of Confederation: An Interpretation of the Social-Constitutional History of the American Revolution, 1774–1781. University of Wisconsin Press. ISBN 9780299002046. Jensen, Merrill (1950). The New Nation: A History of the United States during the Confederation, 1781-1789. Northeastern University Press. ISBN 9780930350147.
The union was formalized in the Articles of Confederation, which came into force on March 1, 1781, after being ratified by all 13 states. Their independence was recognized by Great Britain in the Treaty of Paris of 1783, which concluded the American Revolutionary War .
Building a new nation : the Federalist era, 1789-1803 (1999) for middle schools; Finkelman, Paul, ed. (2001). Encyclopedia of the United States in the Nineteenth Century. ISBN 9780684804989. Finkelman, Paul, ed. (2005). Encyclopedia of the New American Nation, 1754–1829. ISBN 9780684313467. Johnson, Paul E. (2006). The Early American Republic ...
Confederation period: 1783–1788: 1789–1815 ... The decisive victory came in the fall of 1781, ... Great Britain defeated France and acquired that nation's ...