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Punjabi is an Indo-Aryan language native to the region of Punjab of Pakistan and India and spoken by the Punjabi people. This page discusses the grammar of Modern Standard Punjabi as defined by the relevant sources below (see #Further reading ).
Leech must have published his grammar book without knowledge of the previous Punjabi grammar book of the same name that had earlier been published by William Carey. [1] This publication was followed in 1849 by yet another grammar book on Punjabi by Captain Samuel Cross Starkey, whom was a British Colonial Officer in India. [1]
Sohan Singh Seetal (1909-1998) Poet, Novelist, historian, Authored more than 60 books; Santokh Singh Dhir (1920–2010) Giani Sant Singh Maskeen (1934–2005) Sharif Kunjahi (1915–2007) Shah Mohammad (1780–1862) Shiv Kumar Batalvi (1937–1973) Sujan Singh (1909–1993) Sultan Bahu (1628–1691) Surjit Paatar (1945–) Shardha Ram Phillauri ...
Punjabipedia aims to promote the Punjabi language worldwide and make it one of the most popular languages of world as a part of "Mission Punjabi 2020". [2] On February 26, 2014, Devinder Singh, director, planning and monitoring head of Punjabi University and coordinator of the Punjabipedia said that Punjabipedia will be available in Gurmukhi script and will be more reliable and authentic in ...
Often in literature, Pakistani Punjabi (written in Shahmukhi) is referred as Western-Punjabi (or West-Punjabi) and Indian Punjabi (written in Gurmukhi) is referred as Eastern-Punjabi (or East-Punjabi), although the underlying language is the same with a very slight shift in vocabulary towards Islamic and Sikh words respectively. [78]
To differentiate between consonants, the Punjabi tonal consonants of the fourth column, ਘ kà, ਝ cà, ਢ ṭà, ਧ tà, and ਭ pà, are often transliterated in the way of the voiced aspirate consonants gha, jha, ḍha, dha, and bha respectively, although Punjabi lacks these sounds. [46]
Dialects of Punjabi. Majhi (Shahmukhi: ماجھی; Gurmukhi: ਮਾਝੀ; Punjabi: [mä˦d̆.d͡ʒi˨] [1]), also known as Central Punjabi, is the most widely-spoken dialect of the Punjabi language, [2] natively spoken in the Majha region of Punjab in present-day Pakistan and India. The dialect forms the basis of Standard Punjabi.
Bashir's book makes the distinction between a phonetic and phonemic transcription, and only uses different representations of the inherent "a" in phonetic transcriptions. There are also some interesting remarks on the nature of word-final alef and choti he. As an aside, the book's analysis of Punjabi verbs is completely wrong.