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Bronchiolitis obliterans when it occurs following a lung transplant is known as bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome (BOS). [11] [4] BOS is defined as a person who has had either a HSCT or lung transplant and develops symptoms or radiographic findings consistent with bronchiolitis obliterans, but has not been confirmed by biopsy. [22] [44]
Cryptogenic organizing pneumonia (COP), formerly known as bronchiolitis obliterans organizing pneumonia (BOOP), is an inflammation of the bronchioles (bronchiolitis) and surrounding tissue in the lungs. [2] [3] It is a form of idiopathic interstitial pneumonia. [4]
Typical symptoms are of recurrent respiratory tract infections, but some have no symptoms. [2] As a result of childhood bronchiolitis obliterans, typically following adenovirus infection, there is a reduction in blood vessels and overextended alveoli, resulting in air trapping in one or part of one lung. [1]
Bronchiolitis typically affects infants and children younger than two years, principally during the autumn and winter. [15] It is the leading cause of hospital admission for respiratory disease among infants in the United States and accounts for one out of every 13 primary care visits. [ 8 ]
DPB and bronchiolitis obliterans are two forms of primary bronchiolitis. [2] Specific overlapping features of both diseases include strong cough with large amounts of often pus-filled sputum; nodules viewable on lung X-rays in the lower bronchi and bronchiolar area; and chronic sinusitis.
Chest x-ray is the standard for diagnosis where it is seen as linear or cystic translucencies extending to the edges of the lungs. [9] Bronchiolitis is the swelling and buildup of mucus in the bronchioles. It is usually caused by respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), which is spread when an infant touches the nose or throat fluids of someone ...
Up to one in five infants with bronchiolitis will have adenovirus infection, which can be severe. [2] Bronchiolitis obliterans is uncommon, but can occur if adenovirus causes pneumonia with prolonged fever, and can result in difficulty breathing. [2] It presents with a hyperinflated chest, expiratory wheeze and low oxygen. [2]
The presence of bronchocentric lymphohistiocytic interstitial pneumonia with chronic bronchiolitis and non-necrotising granulomas coincides with pneumonitis. [ 13 ] Since pneumonitis manifests in all areas of the lungs, imaging such as chest x-rays and Computerized tomography (CT) scans are useful diagnostic tools. [ 3 ]