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The premises are shown above a line, called the inference line, [15] separated by a comma, which indicates combination of premises. [44] The conclusion is written below the inference line. [ 15 ] The inference line represents syntactic consequence , [ 15 ] sometimes called deductive consequence , [ 45 ] which is also symbolized with ⊢.
The value of a function f at an element x of its domain (that is, the element of the codomain that is associated with x) is denoted by f(x); for example, the value of f at x = 4 is denoted by f(4). Commonly, a specific function is defined by means of an expression depending on x, such as () = +; in this case, some computation, called function ...
With exponential functions, increasing the input by one unit causes the output to increase by a fixed multiple, which is known as the base of the exponential function. If both arguments and values of a function are in the logarithmic scale (i.e., when log(y) is a linear function of log(x)), then the straight line represents a power law:
For the rules which allow new well-formed formulas to be constructed by joining other well-formed formulas using truth-functional connectives, see well-formed formula. Logical connectives can be used to link zero or more statements, so one can speak about n -ary logical connectives .
A complex number can be visually represented as a pair of numbers (a, b) forming a vector on a diagram called an Argand diagram, representing the complex plane. Re is the real axis, Im is the imaginary axis, and i is the "imaginary unit", that satisfies i 2 = −1.
In calculus, the trapezoidal rule (also known as the trapezoid rule or trapezium rule) [a] is a technique for numerical integration, i.e., approximating the definite integral: (). The trapezoidal rule works by approximating the region under the graph of the function f ( x ) {\displaystyle f(x)} as a trapezoid and calculating its area.
The derivative of a function of a single variable at a chosen input value, when it exists, is the slope of the tangent line to the graph of the function at that point. The tangent line is the best linear approximation of the function near that input value.
For functions on the real line, one way to define the limit of a function is in terms of the limit of sequences. (This definition is usually attributed to Eduard Heine .) In this setting: lim x → a f ( x ) = L {\displaystyle \lim _{x\to a}f(x)=L} if, and only if, for all sequences x n (with x n not equal to a for all n ) converging to a the ...