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  2. List of NP-complete problems - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_NP-complete_problems

    The problem for graphs is NP-complete if the edge lengths are assumed integers. The problem for points on the plane is NP-complete with the discretized Euclidean metric and rectilinear metric. The problem is known to be NP-hard with the (non-discretized) Euclidean metric. [3]: ND22, ND23

  3. McNamara fallacy - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McNamara_fallacy

    McNamara's interest in quantitative figures is also seen in Project 100,000 aka McNamara's Folly: by lowering admission standards to the military, enlistment was increased. Key to this decision was the idea that one soldier is, in the abstract, more or less equal to another, and that with the right training and superior equipment, he would ...

  4. Analytic reasoning - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analytic_reasoning

    In the philosophy of Immanuel Kant, analytic reasoning represents judgments made upon statements that are based on the virtue of the statement's own content. No particular experience, beyond an understanding of the meanings of words used, is necessary for analytic reasoning. [3] For example, "John is a bachelor." is a given

  5. Uncertainty quantification - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uncertainty_quantification

    Uncertainty quantification (UQ) is the science of quantitative characterization and estimation of uncertainties in both computational and real world applications. It tries to determine how likely certain outcomes are if some aspects of the system are not exactly known.

  6. Fluid and crystallized intelligence - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluid_and_crystallized...

    Fluid intelligence is the ability to solve novel reasoning problems and is correlated with a number of important skills such as comprehension, problem-solving, and learning. [4] Crystallized intelligence, on the other hand, involves the ability to deduce secondary relational abstractions by applying previously learned primary relational ...

  7. Quantitative research - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantitative_research

    Quantitative research is a research strategy that focuses on quantifying the collection and analysis of data. [1] It is formed from a deductive approach where emphasis is placed on the testing of theory, shaped by empiricist and positivist philosophies.

  8. Quantitative ecology - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantitative_ecology

    Quantitative ecology is the application of advanced mathematical and statistical tools to any number of problems in the field of ecology.It is a small but growing subfield in ecology, reflecting the demand among practicing ecologists to interpret ever larger and more complex data sets using quantitative reasoning.

  9. Instrumental convergence - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instrumental_convergence

    The Riemann hypothesis catastrophe thought experiment provides one example of instrumental convergence. Marvin Minsky, the co-founder of MIT's AI laboratory, suggested that an artificial intelligence designed to solve the Riemann hypothesis might decide to take over all of Earth's resources to build supercomputers to help achieve its goal. [2]