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In other words, it is easier to think of words that begin with "K", more than words with "K" as the third letter. Thus, people judge words beginning with a "K" to be a more common occurrence. In reality, however, a typical text contains twice as many words that have "K" as the third letter than "K" as the first letter. [8]
The tendency of people to give stronger weight to payoffs that are closer to the present time when considering trade-offs between two future moments. [110] Plant blindness: The tendency to ignore plants in their environment and a failure to recognize and appreciate the utility of plants to life on earth. [111] Prevention bias
Wishful-thinking effects, in which people overestimate the likelihood of an event because of its desirability, are relatively rare. [10] This may be in part because people engage in more defensive pessimism in advance of important outcomes, [11] in an attempt to reduce the disappointment that follows overly optimistic predictions. [12]
A continually evolving list of cognitive biases has been identified over the last six decades of research on human judgment and decision-making in cognitive science, social psychology, and behavioral economics. The study of cognitive biases has practical implications for areas including clinical judgment, entrepreneurship, finance, and management.
The just-world fallacy, or just-world hypothesis, is the cognitive bias that assumes that "people get what they deserve" – that actions will necessarily have morally fair and fitting consequences for the actor. For example, the assumptions that noble actions will eventually be rewarded and evil actions will eventually be punished fall under ...
One recent study has shown that consensus bias may improve decisions about other people's preferences. [4] Ross, Green and House first defined the false consensus effect in 1977 with emphasis on the relative commonness that people perceive about their own responses; however, similar projection phenomena had already caught attention in psychology.
Moral reasoning is the study of how people think about right and wrong and how they acquire and apply moral rules. It is a subdiscipline of moral psychology that overlaps with moral philosophy , and is the foundation of descriptive ethics .
A fault of judgement, some false notion of good or evil, lies at the root of each passion. [6] Incorrect judgement as to a present good gives rise to delight, while lust is a wrong estimate about the future. [6] Unreal imaginings of evil cause distress about the present, or fear for the future. [6]