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  2. Electron affinity (data page) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electron_affinity_(data_page)

    Electron affinity can be defined in two equivalent ways. First, as the energy that is released by adding an electron to an isolated gaseous atom. The second (reverse) definition is that electron affinity is the energy required to remove an electron from a singly charged gaseous negative ion.

  3. Electron affinity - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electron_affinity

    In any case, the value of the electron affinity of a solid substance is very different from the chemistry and atomic physics electron affinity value for an atom of the same substance in gas phase. For example, a silicon crystal surface has electron affinity 4.05 eV, whereas an isolated silicon atom has electron affinity 1.39 eV.

  4. Aufbau principle - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aufbau_principle

    For example, in copper 29 Cu, according to the Madelung rule, the 4s subshell (n + l = 4 + 0 = 4) is occupied before the 3d subshell (n + l = 3 + 2 = 5). The rule then predicts the electron configuration 1s 2 2s 2 2p 6 3s 2 3p 6 3d 9 4s 2, abbreviated [Ar] 3d 9 4s 2 where [Ar] denotes the configuration of argon, the preceding noble gas.

  5. HSAB theory - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HSAB_theory

    4.1 Iodine: I 2: 3.4: ... where I is the ionization potential and A the electron affinity. ... The equation predicts reversal of acids and base strengths.

  6. Anderson's rule - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anderson's_rule

    Once the vacuum levels are aligned it is possible to use the electron affinity and band gap values for each semiconductor to calculate the conduction band and valence band offsets. [4] The electron affinity (usually given by the symbol χ {\displaystyle \chi } in solid state physics ) gives the energy difference between the lower edge of the ...

  7. Reduction potential - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reduction_potential

    In aqueous solutions, redox potential is a measure of the tendency of the solution to either gain or lose electrons in a reaction. A solution with a higher (more positive) reduction potential than some other molecule will have a tendency to gain electrons from this molecule (i.e. to be reduced by oxidizing this other molecule) and a solution with a lower (more negative) reduction potential ...

  8. Ionization energies of the elements (data page) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ionization_energies_of_the...

    For each atom, the column marked 1 is the first ionization energy to ionize the neutral atom, the column marked 2 is the second ionization energy to remove a second electron from the +1 ion, the column marked 3 is the third ionization energy to remove a third electron from the +2 ion, and so on.

  9. Shielding effect - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shielding_effect

    An electron in the s-sublevel is capable of shielding electrons in the p-sublevel of the same principal energy level. The size of the shielding effect is difficult to calculate precisely due to effects from quantum mechanics. As an approximation, we can estimate the effective nuclear charge on each electron by the following: