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The herb layer is very rich and, in undisturbed areas, the trees can grow very large. Typical trees include sugar maple ( Acer saccharum ), beech ( Fagus grandifolia ), tuliptree ( Liriodendron tulipifera ), basswood ( Tilia americana ), northern red oak ( Quercus rubra ), cucumber tree ( Magnolia acuminata ), and black walnut ( Juglans nigra ).
Differences in drainage, variations in soil type (pine trees on sandy soil, deciduous trees on loamy soil, etc.) and salinity, the effects of blowing wind (which drives snow off the hills into depressions, affecting soil quality), and the historic activities of humans all combine to create the mosaic character of the region.
Plains Cottonwood (Populus deltoides ssp. monilifera) North American Plains. "Almost six inches (15 centimeters) thick" [154] Nolina longifolia: Mexico One plant at the Huntington Library, Galleries and Botanical Gardens, San Marino, California in 1996 had bark with fissures up to 4 + 3 ⁄ 4 in (120 mm) deep. This is the thickest bark among ...
The top layer of the understory is the sub-canopy composed of smaller mature trees, saplings, and suppressed juvenile canopy layer trees awaiting an opening in the canopy. Below the sub-canopy is the shrub layer, composed of low growing woody plants. Typically the lowest growing (and most diverse) layer is the ground cover or herbaceous layer.
The leaves are usually 9 to 11 cm (3 + 1 ⁄ 2 to 4 + 1 ⁄ 4 in) long on a full-grown tree. The trunk diameter often ranges from 46 to 88 cm (18 to 35 in); depending on the growing conditions, however, open-grown trees can attain diameters of up to 153 cm (60 in).
On this basis, one needle produced food for about 0.19 mg dry weight of apical growth, 3 mm 3 wood, one-quarter of a new needle, plus an unknown amount of branch wood, bark and roots. The order of priority of photosynthate distribution is probably: first to apical growth and new needle formation, then to buds for the next year's growth, with ...
The leaves are variable, being 15–25 mm (5 ⁄ 8 –1 in) long and flat on young trees and shaded lower branches in older trees. The leaves are scalelike, 5–10 mm ( 1 ⁄ 4 – 3 ⁄ 8 in) long on shoots in full sun in the upper crown of older trees, with a full range of transition between the two extremes.
Populus deltoides is a large tree growing to 20–30 m (65–100 ft) tall and with a trunk up to 2.8 m (9 ft 2 in) diameter, one of the largest North American hardwood trees. The bark is silvery-white, smooth or lightly fissured when young, becoming dark gray and deeply fissured on old trees.