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A mastoidectomy is a procedure performed to remove the mastoid air cells [1] near the middle ear. The procedure is part of the treatment for mastoiditis, chronic suppurative otitis media or cholesteatoma. [2] Additionally, it is sometimes performed as part of other procedures, such as cochlear implants, [3] or to access the middle ear.
Cost varies by country where surgery is performed. Prices were quoted ranging from US$2,500 ( India and Panama ) to US$15,000 ( United States and Canada ) as of 2008 [update] . [ 2 ] Costs in Europe mostly ranged £4,000–£9,000 as of 2009 [update] .
Thyroidectomy is the removal of all or part of the thyroid gland. Tonsillectomy is the removal of the tonsils. Trabeculectomy is the removal of part of the eye's trabecular meshwork as a treatment for glaucoma. Tumorectomy is the surgical removal of a tumor. Turbinectomy is the removal of the turbinate bones in the nasal passage.
The surgical procedure is typically done in two stages, but it is possible to conduct the surgery in one stage. The first stage is the discontinuation of the waste functions by performing a colostomy and ileal conduit in the upper abdominal quadrants. The second stage is the amputation at the lumbar spine. [5] [6]
[1] [2] This procedure is an alternative to a radical or simple mastectomy, in which an entire breast is removed. [2] In a study that followed patients who underwent this procedure, it was found that only 9% of people who had a quadrantectomy experienced a relapse of the cancer. [3]
In some parts of Italy the scutum had been used since pre-historical times. [6] Polybius gave a description of the early second-century scutum BC: [7] The Roman panoply consists firstly of a shield (scutum), the convex surface of which measures 2.5 ft (76 cm) in width and 4 ft (120 cm) in length, the thickness at the rim being a palm's breadth ...
During this process, facial muscles might be tightened, while facial fat might be removed or redistributed. Sometimes, a jaw lift is performed in the same surgery by making an incision under the chin and tightening the skin of the jaw and neck. Immediately after the surgery, a drainage tube is used to remove excess fluid from the wound. [23] [24]
A laminotomy is an orthopaedic neurosurgical procedure that removes part of the lamina of a vertebral arch in order to relieve pressure in the vertebral canal. [1] A laminotomy is less invasive than conventional vertebral column surgery techniques, such as laminectomy because it leaves more ligaments and muscles attached to the spinous process intact and it requires removing less bone from the ...