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Echophenomenon (also known as echo phenomenon; from Ancient Greek ἠχώ (ēkhṓ) "echo, reflected sound") is "automatic imitative actions without explicit awareness" [1] or pathological repetitions of external stimuli or activities, actions, sounds, or phrases, indicative of an underlying disorder.
Echolalia is common in young children who are first learning to speak. Echolalia is a form of imitation. Imitation is a useful, normal and necessary component of social learning : imitative learning occurs when the "observer acquires new behaviors through imitation" and mimicry or automatic imitation occurs when a "reenacted behavior is based ...
Echopraxia is a typical symptom of Tourette syndrome but causes are not well elucidated. [1]Frontal lobe animation. One theoretical cause subject to ongoing debate surrounds the role of the mirror neuron system (MNS), a group of neurons in the inferior frontal gyrus (F5 region) of the brain that may influence imitative behaviors, [1] but no widely accepted neural or computational models have ...
Sydenham's chorea is more common in females than males, and most cases affect children between 5 and 15 years of age. Adult onset of Sydenham's chorea is comparatively rare, and the majority of the adult cases are recurrences following childhood Sydenham's chorea (although pregnancy [2] and female hormone treatment [3] are also potential causes).
Echocardiography is the most useful method of diagnosing a prolapsed mitral valve. Two- and three-dimensional echocardiography is particularly valuable as they allow visualization of the mitral leaflets relative to the mitral annulus. This allows measurement of the leaflet thickness and their displacement relative to the annulus.
ECHO assesses cardiac ventricular size, wall thickness, systolic and diastolic function, and outflow obstruction. Thus, ECHO has been chosen as an ideal means to detect excessive wall thickening of cardiac muscle in HCM. [68] For children with HCM, treatment strategies aim to reduce disease symptoms and lower the risk of sudden death. [70]
Moyamoya disease is a disease in which certain arteries in the brain are constricted. Blood flow is blocked by constriction and blood clots (). [2]A collateral circulation develops around the blocked vessels to compensate for the blockage, but the collateral vessels are small, weak, and prone to bleeding, aneurysm and thrombosis.
CDD is a rare condition, with only 1.7 cases per 100,000. [13] [14] [15]A child affected with childhood disintegrative disorder shows normal development. Up until this point, the child has developed normally in the areas of language skills, social skills, comprehension skills, and has maintained those skills for about two years.