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Schematic diagram showing anabolism and catabolism. Anabolism (/ ə ˈ n æ b ə l ɪ z ə m /) is the set of metabolic pathways that construct macromolecules like DNA or RNA from smaller units. [1] [2] These reactions require energy, known also as an endergonic process. [3] Anabolism is the building-up aspect of metabolism, whereas catabolism is
English: Organisms are not at equilibrium. They require a continuous influx of free energy to maintain order. Organisms maintain their non-equilibrium status by coupling the exergonic reactions of nutrient oxidation to the endergonic processes required to maintain the living state (such as the performance of mechanical work, the active transport of molecules against concentration gradients ...
Protein anabolism is the process by which proteins are formed from amino acids. It relies on five processes: amino acid synthesis, transcription , translation , post translational modifications , and protein folding .
An example of a coupled reaction is the phosphorylation of fructose-6-phosphate to form the intermediate fructose-1,6-bisphosphate by the enzyme phosphofructokinase accompanied by the hydrolysis of ATP in the pathway of glycolysis. The resulting chemical reaction within the metabolic pathway is highly thermodynamically favorable and, as a ...
This diagram shows the biosynthesis (anabolism) of amino acids tryptophan, tyrosine, and phenylalanine from the precursor erythrose 4-phosphate. Tyrosine and phenylalanine are biosynthesized from prephenate , which is converted to an amino acid-specific intermediate.
Catabolism breaks down large molecules (such as polysaccharides, lipids, nucleic acids, and proteins) into smaller units (such as monosaccharides, fatty acids, nucleotides, and amino acids, respectively). Catabolism is the breaking-down aspect of metabolism, whereas anabolism is the building-up aspect.
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An example is lactose intolerance. Carbohydrates account for a major portion of the human diet. These carbohydrates are composed of three principal monosaccharides: glucose , fructose and galactose ; in addition glycogen is the storage form of carbohydrates in humans.