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  2. Machine learning - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Machine_learning

    Leo Breiman distinguished two statistical modeling paradigms: data model and algorithmic model, [39] wherein "algorithmic model" means more or less the machine learning algorithms like Random Forest. Some statisticians have adopted methods from machine learning, leading to a combined field that they call statistical learning .

  3. Surrogate model - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surrogate_model

    A surrogate model is an engineering method used when an outcome of interest cannot be easily measured or computed, so an approximate mathematical model of the outcome is used instead. Most engineering design problems require experiments and/or simulations to evaluate design objective and constraint functions as a function of design variables.

  4. Transformer (deep learning architecture) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transformer_(deep_learning...

    For many years, sequence modelling and generation was done by using plain recurrent neural networks (RNNs). A well-cited early example was the Elman network (1990). In theory, the information from one token can propagate arbitrarily far down the sequence, but in practice the vanishing-gradient problem leaves the model's state at the end of a long sentence without precise, extractable ...

  5. Kernel method - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kernel_method

    Empirically, for machine learning heuristics, choices of a function that do not satisfy Mercer's condition may still perform reasonably if at least approximates the intuitive idea of similarity. [6] Regardless of whether k {\displaystyle k} is a Mercer kernel, k {\displaystyle k} may still be referred to as a "kernel".

  6. Ensemble learning - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ensemble_learning

    Ensemble learning trains two or more machine learning algorithms on a specific classification or regression task. The algorithms within the ensemble model are generally referred as "base models", "base learners", or "weak learners" in literature.

  7. Attention (machine learning) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attention_(machine_learning)

    As hand-crafting weights defeats the purpose of machine learning, the model must compute the attention weights on its own. Taking analogy from the language of database queries, we make the model construct a triple of vectors: key, query, and value. The rough idea is that we have a "database" in the form of a list of key-value pairs.

  8. Generative model - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Generative_model

    a generative model is a model of the conditional probability of the observable X, given a target y, ... Machine Learning. Ng, Andrew Y.; Jordan, Michael I. (2002).

  9. Overfitting - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overfitting

    Underfitting is the inverse of overfitting, meaning that the statistical model or machine learning algorithm is too simplistic to accurately capture the patterns in the data. A sign of underfitting is that there is a high bias and low variance detected in the current model or algorithm used (the inverse of overfitting: low bias and high variance).

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