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Swarts fluorination is a process whereby the chlorine atoms in a compound – generally an organic compound, but experiments have been performed using silanes – are replaced with fluorine, by treatment with antimony trifluoride in the presence of chlorine or of antimony pentachloride. Some metal fluorides are particularly more useful than ...
The classic Finkelstein reaction entails the conversion of an alkyl chloride or an alkyl bromide to an alkyl iodide by treatment with a solution of sodium iodide in acetone. Sodium iodide is soluble in acetone while sodium chloride and sodium bromide are not; [ 3 ] therefore, the reaction is driven toward products by mass action due to the ...
A common method is halide metathesis. An example is the conversion of alkyl chloride into alkyl fluoride: . C 3 H 5-Cl + NaF → R-F + NaCl. This kind of reaction is called Finkelstein reaction. [2]
Hans Finkelstein (17 May 1885, Leipzig, Germany - December 1938) was a German chemist. He is particularly known for the Finkelstein reaction developed by and named after him. [ 1 ] [ 2 ]
However, if an unreactive alkylating agent is used (e.g. an alkyl chloride) then the rate of reaction can be greatly improved by the addition of a catalytic quantity of a soluble iodide salt (which undergoes halide exchange with the chloride to yield a much more reactive iodide, a variant of the Finkelstein reaction).
The Sandmeyer reaction is an example of a radical-nucleophilic aromatic substitution (S RN Ar). The radical mechanism of the Sandmeyer reaction is supported by the detection of biaryl byproducts. [8]
2-Fluoroethanol was originally synthesized by treating 2-chloroethanol with potassium fluoride, in a simple Finkelstein reaction. [5] The product has a lower boiling point that the starting material and may be conveniently isolated by distillation.
Darzens halogenation is the chemical synthesis of alkyl halides from alcohols via the treatment upon reflux of a large excess of thionyl chloride or thionyl bromide (SOX 2) in the presence of a small amount of a nitrogen base, such as a tertiary amine or pyridine or its corresponding hydrochloride or hydrobromide salt.