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Cross subsidization is the practice of charging higher prices to one type of consumers to artificially lower prices for another group.State trading enterprises with monopoly control over marketing agricultural exports are sometimes alleged to cross subsidize, but lack of transparency in their operations makes it difficult, if not impossible, to determine if that is the case.
This page will attempt to list examples in mathematics. To qualify for inclusion, an article should be about a mathematical object with a fair amount of concreteness. Usually a definition of an abstract concept, a theorem, or a proof would not be an "example" as the term should be understood here (an elegant proof of an isolated but particularly striking fact, as opposed to a proof of a ...
Ideas from mathematics have been used as inspiration for fiber arts including quilt making, knitting, cross-stitch, crochet, embroidery and weaving. A wide range of mathematical concepts have been used as inspiration including topology, graph theory, number theory and algebra.
In mathematics, some functions or groups of functions are important enough to deserve their own names. This is a listing of articles which explain some of these functions in more detail. This is a listing of articles which explain some of these functions in more detail.
List of examples in general topology; List of genetic algorithm applications; List of geodesic polyhedra and Goldberg polyhedra; Outline of geometry; Graduate Studies in Mathematics; Graduate Texts in Mathematics; List of graph theory topics; List of graphical methods; List of graphs; List of group theory topics; List of small groups
Obstructions are indicated by particular characteristic classes, which are cohomological classes. For example, a principal bundle has a global section if and only if it is trivial. On the other hand, a vector bundle always has a global section, namely the zero section. However, it only admits a nowhere vanishing section if its Euler class is zero.
Variables may be of many types; real or integer numbers, Boolean values or strings, for example. The variables represent some properties of the system, for example, the measured system outputs often in the form of signals, timing data, counters, and event occurrence. The actual model is the set of functions that describe the relations between ...
A common example of a principal bundle is the frame bundle of a vector bundle, which consists of all ordered bases of the vector space attached to each point. The group G , {\displaystyle G,} in this case, is the general linear group , which acts on the right in the usual way : by changes of basis .