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Scent marking, also known as territorial marking or spraying when this involves urination, is a behaviour used by animals to identify their territory. [ 10 ] [ 11 ] [ 12 ] Most commonly, this is accomplished by depositing strong-smelling substances contained in the urine , faeces , or, from specialised scent glands located on various areas of ...
Territoriality is a term associated with nonverbal communication that refers to how people use space to communicate ownership or occupancy of areas and possessions. [1] The anthropological concept branches from the observations of animal ownership behaviors.
The ultimate function of the dear enemy effect is to increase the individual fitness of the animal expressing the behaviour. This increase in fitness is achieved by reducing the time, energy or risk of injury unnecessarily incurred by defending a territory or its resources (e.g. mate, food, space) against a familiar animal with its own territory; the territory-holder already knows about the ...
The Territorial Imperative was widely read and exerted a cultural influence. [14] It quickly became an international bestseller and was translated into dozens of languages. [15] Ardrey's work in general, and The Territorial Imperative in particular, is often credited with arousing popular interest in ethology, anthropology, and human origins. [16]
Display behaviour is a set of ritualized behaviours that enable an animal to communicate to other animals (typically of the same species) about specific stimuli. [1] Such ritualized behaviours can be visual, but many animals depend on a mixture of visual, audio, tactical and chemical signals. [ 1 ]
Two domestic cats posturing during ritualized aggression over a territory. Ritualized aggression or ritualized fighting is when animals use a range of behaviours as posture or warning but without engaging in serious aggression or fighting, which would be expensive in terms of energy and the risk of injury. Ritualized aggression involves a ...
Agonistic behaviour is a result of evolution, [5] and this can be studied in a number of species facing different environmental pressures. Though agonistic behaviours can be directly observed and studied in a laboratory setting, it is also important to understand these behaviours in a natural setting to fully comprehend how they have evolved and therefore differ under different selective ...
Many behaviors that are commonly thought of as spiteful are actually better explained as being selfish, that is benefiting the actor and harming the recipient, and true spiteful behaviors are rare in the animal kingdom. An example of spite is the sterile soldiers of the polyembryonic parasitoid wasp. A female wasp lays a male and a female egg ...