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Metallic vanadium is rare in nature (known as native vanadium), [52] [53] having been found among fumaroles of the Colima Volcano, but vanadium compounds occur naturally in about 65 different minerals. Vanadium began to be used in the manufacture of special steels in 1896. At that time, very few deposits of vanadium ores were known.
Vanadium forms oxides in the +2, +3, +4 and +5 oxidation states, forming vanadium(II) oxide (VO), vanadium(III) oxide (V 2 O 3), vanadium(IV) oxide (VO 2) and vanadium(V) oxide (V 2 O 5). Vanadium(V) oxide or vanadium pentoxide is the most common, being precursor to most alloys and compounds of vanadium, and is also a widely used industrial ...
Vanadium compounds are compounds formed by the element vanadium (V). The chemistry of vanadium is noteworthy for the accessibility of the four adjacent oxidation states 2–5, whereas the chemistry of the other group 5 elements , niobium and tantalum , are somewhat more limited to the +5 oxidation state. [ 1 ]
These tables list values of molar ionization energies, measured in kJ⋅mol −1.This is the energy per mole necessary to remove electrons from gaseous atoms or atomic ions.
The vanadium redox battery (VRB), also known as the vanadium flow battery (VFB) or vanadium redox flow battery (VRFB), is a type of rechargeable flow battery. It employs vanadium ions as charge carriers . [ 6 ]
The vanadyl or oxovanadium(IV) cation, VO 2+, [1] is a functional group that is common in the coordination chemistry of vanadium. Complexes containing this functional group are characteristically blue and paramagnetic. A triple bond is proposed to exist between the V 4+ and O 2− centers. [2]
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Element Negative states Positive states Group Notes −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 +1 +2 +3 +4 +5 +6 +7 +8 +9 Z; 1 hydrogen: H −1 +1: 1 2 helium: He 0 18