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The earliest witnesses (the technical term for written manuscripts) for the Gospel of Luke fall into two "families" with considerable differences between them, the Western and the Alexandrian text-type, and the dominant view is that the Western text represents a process of deliberate revision, as the variations seem to form specific patterns. [14]
Gospel of Luke: c. 80–90 CE. [94] [95] Text indicates written a generation after that of the first disciples, uses Gospel of Mark, and appears to address concerns raised by the destruction of the Temple in 70 CE. [96] 𝔓 4, 𝔓 75 (175–250 CE) Gospel of John
The historical reliability of the Gospels is evaluated by experts who have not reached complete consensus. While all four canonical gospels contain some sayings and events that may meet at least one of the five criteria for historical reliability used in biblical studies, [note 1] the assessment and evaluation of these elements is a matter of ongoing debate.
Over three-quarters of Mark's content is found in both Matthew and Luke, and 97% of Mark is found in at least one of the other two synoptic gospels. Additionally, Matthew (24%) and Luke (23%) have material in common that is not found in Mark. [1] The calming of the storm is recounted in each of the three synoptic gospels, but not in John.
The earliest manuscript of the Gospel (Papyrus 75 = Papyrus Bodmer XIV-XV), dated c. AD 200, ascribes the work to Luke; as did Irenaeus writing c. AD 180, and the Muratorian fragment, a 7th-century Latin manuscript thought to be copied and translated from a Greek manuscript as old as AD 170. [39]
The oldest gospel text known is 𝔓 52, a fragment of John dating from the first half of the 2nd century. [102] The creation of a Christian canon was probably a response to the career of the heretic Marcion (c. 85 –160), who established a canon of his own with just one gospel, the Gospel of Marcion, similar to the Gospel of Luke. [103]
[6]: 195 The writing is a clear and careful majuscule. [5]: 58 𝔓 75 is one of the earliest manuscripts (along with 𝔓 4) of the Gospel of Luke, [7] containing most of Luke 3:18–24:53. [7] [8] An unusual feature of this codex is that when the Gospel of Luke ends, the Gospel of John begins on the same page. [6]: 194
The "Two-source Hypothesis" proposes that the Gospels of Matthew and Luke were written independently, each using Mark and a second hypothetical document called "Q" as a source. Q was conceived as the most likely explanation behind the common material (mostly sayings) found in the Gospel of Matthew and the Gospel of Luke but not in the Gospel of ...