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Spying for Israel Victorine Marcelle Ninio (5 November 1929 – 23 October 2019) was an Egyptian secretary and an Israeli spy who became involved in what was known as the Lavon affair . She served time in an Egyptian jail before she was released and she went to live in Israel.
Mohamed Ashraf Abu El Wafa Marwan, [1] known as Ashraf Marwan (Arabic: أشرف مروان 2 February 1944 – 27 June 2007), was an Egyptian official who worked as a spy for the Israeli Mossad. From 1969 on, Marwan worked at the Presidential Office, first under Gamal Abdel Nasser and then as a close aide to his successor, Anwar Sadat .
The oldest known classified document was a report made by a spy disguised as a diplomatic envoy in the court of King Hammurabi, who died in around 1750 BC. The ancient Egyptians had a developed secret service, and espionage is mentioned in the Iliad, the Bible, and the Amarna letters. [3]
Hidden Secrets: A Complete History of Espionage and the Technology Used to Support It (2002) Polmar, Norman, and Thomas Allen. Spy Book: The Encyclopedia of Espionage (2nd ed. 2004) 752pp 2000+ entries online free to read; Richelson, Jeffery T. A Century of Spies: Intelligence in the Twentieth Century (1997) Trahair, Richard and Robert L. Miller.
The General Intelligence Service (Arabic: جهاز المخابرات العامة Gihaz El Mukhabarat El ‘Amma; GIS), often referred to as the Mukhabarat (Arabic: المخابرات El Mukhabarat) is an Egyptian intelligence agency responsible for providing national security intelligence, both domestically and internationally. [4]
The Lavon affair was a failed Israeli covert operation, codenamed Operation Susannah, conducted in Egypt in the summer of 1954. As part of a false flag operation, [1] a group of Egyptian Jews were recruited by Israeli military intelligence to plant bombs inside Egyptian-, American-, and British-owned civilian targets: cinemas, libraries, and American educational centers.
Wolfgang Lotz (Hebrew: ולפגנג לוץ; 6 January 1921 – 13 May 1993), who later adopted the Hebrew name Ze'ev Gur-Arie, was an Israeli spy in Egypt during the 1960s providing intelligence and conducting operations against Egyptian military scientists. He was arrested by Egypt in 1965, and subsequently repatriated to Israel in a prisoner ...
In history, surveillance is often referred to as spying or espionage. Most often, surveillance historically occurred as a means to gather and collect information, supervise the actions of other people (usually enemies), and to use this information to increase ones understanding of the party being spied upon.