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Italian was adopted as an everyday written language long after French and English were. In medieval central Italy, literacy meant the ability to read and write Latin (and perhaps Greek if one was really learned)—that is, until influential writers like Dante and Petrarca wrote in a somewhat artificial version of il dialetto fiorentino and made it prestigious.
E.g. In the Ngiti language of the Democratic Republic of the Congo, four different tenses of the verb "to whistle" can be distinguished using tone alone: ma màkpěnà "I whistled" (recent past), ma mákpěná "I whistled" (intermediate past), ma makpéna "I will whistle" (near future), ma makpénà "I used to whistle" (past habitual).
A chronologically first language with which the speaker is no longer fluent or even competent. A language learned to fluency in adulthood (with or without a foreign accent - though I realize the latter is rare). A language learned to fluency in childhood (within the critical period) that is not chronologically first.
itWaC (Italian) itWaC: a 2 billion word corpus constructed from the Web limiting the crawl to the .it domain and using medium-frequency words from the Repubblica corpus and basic Italian vocabulary lists as seeds.
One issue is that at the start of the 19th century, Italy had not been unified, and what would became standard Italian was then really Florentine Tuscan (think Dante). With unification, some words from other Italian languages/dialects were incorporated into standard Italian, and that might appear as orthographic change. –
Ah Italian pronunciation. This is going to be fun! One thing you have to understand about the evolution of the Italian language is that Italian was for most of its existence an almost exclusively written language. It was the language in which the élites communicated with each other via letters and poetry, but it was rarely used in everyday ...
In this we see that English is, across the world's languages, relatively analytic - being one of 24 languages with only 2-3 morphemes per verb. There are only 5 languages with fewer (0-1 morphemes) as opposed to the remainder of the 145 language sample that have anywhere from 3-13 morpheme slots per verb.
French and Italian made 16 and 17 maximally different (seize vs. dix-sept). Spanish and Portuguese chose a more regular, but still distinct enough pattern (dieciseis and diecisiete). Romanian is the odd Romance language out, where Sound Change didn't put up much pressure and the old latin forms of 16 and 17 are pretty well preserved ...
French, Spanish and Italian use SVO in clauses with non-pronominal arguments. Many languages make use of more than one kind of word order; the "canonical" order used in simplistic categorizations of entire languages as "SVO" vs. "SOV" etc. has to be based on some particular subset of clauses in the language in cases like that.
"a word can found used in opposed geographical space" Italian and Portuguese share a few words which are not found anywhere else between Italy and Portugal. The first person singular subjective personal pronoun is the same word in Portuguese and Romanian, even though Portugal and Romenia are very far apart.