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International Reference Ionosphere (IRI) is a common permanent scientific project of the Committee on Space Research (COSPAR) and the International Union of Radio Science (URSI) started 1968/69. It is the international standard empirical model for the terrestrial ionosphere since 1999.
Relationship of the atmosphere and ionosphere. The ionosphere (/ aɪ ˈ ɒ n ə ˌ s f ɪər /) [1] [2] is the ionized part of the upper atmosphere of Earth, from about 48 km (30 mi) to 965 km (600 mi) above sea level, [3] a region that includes the thermosphere and parts of the mesosphere and exosphere. The ionosphere is ionized by solar ...
The riometer was developed in the mid-1950s by scientists at the University of Alaska who were researching the radio propagation effects of aurorae. [1] At times aurorae resulted in complete failure of long-distance radio communication to planes in the Arctic - a matter of considerable concern to the US Air Force at a time of tension with the Soviet Union [citation needed].
Early experimenters even went aloft themselves in hot-air balloons. Hoffert (1888) identified individual lightning downward strokes using early cameras. [ 10 ] Elster and Geitel , who also worked on thermionic emission , proposed a theory to explain thunderstorms' electrical structure (1885) and, later, discovered atmospheric radioactivity ...
The value of the constant is approximately κ ≈ 40.308193 m 3 ·s −2; [4] [5] the units can be expressed equivalently as m·m 2 ·Hz 2 to highlight the cancellation involved in yielding delays τ in meters, given f in Hz and TEC in m −2. Typical daytime values of TEC are expressed on the scale from 0 to 100 TEC units.
For example, there is little cost benefit in having a very high SEER air conditioning unit in Maine, a state in the northeast US. Starting January 1, 2015, split-system central air conditioners installed in the Southeastern Region of the United States of America must be at least 14 SEER.
Surprisingly, there are plenty of ways to cut the cost of raising a kid that can keep your grand total far below that $233,000 mark. Surprisingly, there are plenty of ways to cut the cost of ...
The efficiency of air conditioners is often rated by the seasonal energy efficiency ratio (SEER), which is defined by the Air Conditioning, Heating and Refrigeration Institute in its 2008 standard AHRI 210/240, Performance Rating of Unitary Air-Conditioning and Air-Source Heat Pump Equipment. [61]