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Parietal cells (also known as oxyntic cells) are epithelial cells in the stomach that secrete hydrochloric acid (HCl) and intrinsic factor. These cells are located in the gastric glands found in the lining of the fundus and body regions of the stomach. [ 1 ]
Gastric acid or stomach acid is the acidic component – hydrochloric acid of gastric juice, produced by parietal cells in the gastric glands of the stomach lining. In humans, the pH is between one and three, much lower than most other animals, but is very similar to that of carrion eating carnivores , needing protection from ingesting pathogens .
During hydrochloric acid secretion in the stomach, the gastric parietal cells extract chloride anions, carbon dioxide, water and sodium cations from the blood plasma and in turn release bicarbonate back into the plasma after forming it from carbon dioxide and water constituents. This is to maintain the plasma's electrical balance, as the ...
Histamine promotes the production and release of HCL from the parietal cells to the blood and protons to the stomach lumen. When the stomach pH decreases (becomes more acidic), the ECLs stop releasing histamine. G cells – They secrete gastrin hormone. Gastrin stimulates the gastric glands to release gastric acid. These cells are mostly found ...
Several types of endocrine cells are found in the gastric glands. The pyloric glands contain gastrin -producing cells ( G cells ); this hormone stimulates acid production from the parietal cells. Enterochromaffin-like cells (ECLs), found in the oxyntic glands release histamine , which also is a powerful stimulant of the acid secretion.
H + and Cl − are secreted by the parietal cells into the lumen of the stomach creating acidic conditions with a low pH of 1. H + is pumped into the stomach by exchanging it with K + . This process also requires ATP as a source of energy; however, Cl − then follows the positive charge in the H + through an open apical channel protein.
The mucus produced by these cells is extremely important, as it prevents the stomach from digesting itself. [5] Parietal cells produce potent hydrochloric acid, which damages cells. Gastric chief cells produce pepsinogen, which is activated by the acid to form pepsin. Pepsin is a protease that can digest and damage stomach cells.
Mucosal layer – This layer releases stomach acid. It is the innermost layer of the stomach. [5] It is affected by the hormone histamine, which signals it to release hydrochloric acid (HCl). Sub-mucosal layer – This layer consists of different vessels and nerves, ganglion neurons, and adipose tissue. It is the second layer of the stomach and ...