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The normal force and the frictional force are ultimately determined using vector analysis, usually via a free body diagram. In general, process for solving any statics problem with friction is to treat contacting surfaces tentatively as immovable so that the corresponding tangential reaction force between them can be calculated.
The capstan equation [1] or belt friction equation, also known as Euler–Eytelwein formula [2] (after Leonhard Euler and Johann Albert Eytelwein), [3] relates the hold-force to the load-force if a flexible line is wound around a cylinder (a bollard, a winch or a capstan).
Creeping flow past a falling sphere in a fluid (e.g., a droplet of fog falling through the air): streamlines, drag force F d and force by gravity F g. At terminal (or settling) velocity , the excess force F e due to the difference between the weight and buoyancy of the sphere (both caused by gravity [ 7 ] ) is given by:
The Darcy-Weisbach's accuracy and universal applicability makes it the ideal formula for flow in pipes. The advantages of the equation are as follows: [1] It is based on fundamentals. It is dimensionally consistent. It is useful for any fluid, including oil, gas, brine, and sludges. It can be derived analytically in the laminar flow region.
Consequently when a body is moving relative to a gas, the drag coefficient varies with the Mach number and the Reynolds number. The analysis also gives other information for free, so to speak. The analysis shows that, other things being equal, the drag force will be proportional to the density of the fluid.
These three gas laws in combination with Avogadro's law can be generalized by the ideal gas law. Gay-Lussac used the formula acquired from ΔV/V = αΔT to define the rate of expansion α for gases. For air, he found a relative expansion ΔV/V = 37.50% and obtained a value of α = 37.50%/100 °C = 1/266.66 °C which indicated that the value of ...
The first and second law of thermodynamics are the most fundamental equations of thermodynamics. They may be combined into what is known as fundamental thermodynamic relation which describes all of the changes of thermodynamic state functions of a system of uniform temperature and pressure.
To figure out the motion of the liquid, all forces acting on each lamina must be known: The pressure force pushing the liquid through the tube is the change in pressure multiplied by the area: F = −A Δp. This force is in the direction of the motion of the liquid. The negative sign comes from the conventional way we define Δp = p end − p ...