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2. Urinary anti-infective agent - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urinary_anti-infective_agent

   TMP/SMX is commonly used due to its ability to achieve high concentrations in urinary tract tissues and urine. This antibiotic combination demonstrates notable efficacy in both the treatment and prophylaxis of recurrent urinary tract infections. [12] Common adverse effects include nausea, vomiting, rash,pruritus, and photosensitivity. [26]

3. Urinary tract infection - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urinary_tract_infection

   A urinary tract infection (UTI) is an infection that affects a part of the urinary tract. [1] Lower urinary tract infections may involve the bladder ( cystitis ) or urethra ( urethritis ) while upper urinary tract infections affect the kidney ( pyelonephritis ). [ 10 ]

4. Ciprofloxacin - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciprofloxacin

   Ciprofloxacin is a fluoroquinolone antibiotic used to treat a number of bacterial infections. [5] This includes bone and joint infections, intra-abdominal infections, certain types of infectious diarrhea, respiratory tract infections, skin infections, typhoid fever, and urinary tract infections, among others. [5]

5. Reference ranges for urine tests - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reference_ranges_for_urine...

   Reference ranges for urine tests are described below: Measurement Lower limit Upper limit Unit Urinary specific gravity: 1.003 [1] [2] 1.030 [1] [2] g/mL Urobilinogen:

6. Cystoscopy - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cystoscopy

   urinary tract infections; blood in the urine ( hematuria ); loss of bladder control ( incontinence ) or overactive bladder ; (Although, the American Urogynecologic Society does not recommend that cystoscopy, urodynamics, or diagnostic renal and bladder ultrasound are part of initial diagnosis for uncomplicated overactive bladder.) [ 2 ] [ 3 ]

7. Urodynamic testing - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urodynamic_testing

   The urine volume is measured (this shows how efficiently the bladder empties). High volumes (180 ml) may be associated with urinary tract infections. [5] A volume of greater than 50 ml in children has been described as constituting post-void residual urine. [6] High levels can be associated with overflow incontinence.

8. Urinalysis - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urinalysis

   Urinalysis, a portmanteau of the words urine and analysis, [1] is a panel of medical tests that includes physical (macroscopic) examination of the urine, chemical evaluation using urine test strips, and microscopic examination.

9. Bacteriuria - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacteriuria

   A negative dipstick test does not exclude bacteriuria, as not all bacteria which can colonise the urinary tract are nitrate-reducing. The leukocyte esterase test indirectly detects the presence of leukocytes (white blood cells) in urine which can be associated with a urinary tract infection. In the elderly, the leukocyte esterase test is often ...