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Packet Tracer is commonly used by NetAcad students, since it is available to download after creating a free account. [10] However, due to functional limitations, it is intended by Cisco to be used only as a learning aid, not a replacement for Cisco routers and switches . [ 9 ]
PC/TCP Packet Driver is a networking API for MS-DOS, PC DOS, and later x86 DOS implementations such as DR-DOS, FreeDOS, etc.It implements the lowest levels of a TCP/IP stack, where the remainder is typically implemented either by terminate-and-stay-resident drivers or as a library linked into an application program.
Packet Sender is an open source utility to allow sending and receiving TCP and UDP packets. It also supports TCP connections using SSL , intense traffic generation, HTTP(S) GET/POST requests, and panel generation.
The 16-bit checksum field is used for error-checking of the TCP header, the payload and an IP pseudo-header. The pseudo-header consists of the source IP address , the destination IP address , the protocol number for the TCP protocol (6) and the length of the TCP headers and payload (in bytes).
Wireshark is very similar to tcpdump, but has a graphical front-end and integrated sorting and filtering options.. Wireshark lets the user put network interface controllers into promiscuous mode (if supported by the network interface controller), so they can see all the traffic visible on that interface including unicast traffic not sent to that network interface controller's MAC address.
Upon receiving an IP packet with the Congestion Experienced code point, the TCP receiver echoes back this congestion indication using the ECE flag in the TCP header. When an endpoint receives a TCP segment with the ECE bit it reduces its congestion window as for a packet drop.
Queuing delay – time the packet spends in routing queues; Transmission delay – time it takes to push the packet's bits onto the link; Propagation delay – time for a signal to propagate through the media; A certain minimum level of delay is experienced by signals due to the time it takes to transmit a packet serially through a link.
The ASCII code point for ACK is 0x06 (binary 0000 0110). By convention a receiving device sends an ACK to indicate it successfully received a message. ASCII also provides a NAK code point (0x15, binary 0001 0101) which can be used to indicate the receiving device cannot, or will not, comply with the message. [2]