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The Yang–Mills theory is a gauge theory based on a special unitary group SU(n), or more generally any compact Lie group. A Yang–Mills theory seeks to describe the behavior of elementary particles using these non-abelian Lie groups and is at the core of the unification of the electromagnetic force and weak forces (i.e. U(1) × SU(2) ) as ...
24] The computer science course was recently updated and moved from Group 5 (as an elective course) to Group 4, becoming a full course, from first examinations in 2014. The structure and assessment of the course has changed to greater emphasize problem solving rather than Java program construction. [ 25 ]
The first gauge model of gravity was suggested by Ryoyu Utiyama (1916–1990) in 1956 [1] just two years after birth of the gauge theory itself. [2] However, the initial attempts to construct the gauge theory of gravity by analogy with the gauge models of internal symmetries encountered a problem of treating general covariant transformations and establishing the gauge status of a pseudo ...
millennium: 1000 yr: Also called "kiloannum". Age: 2 148 and 2/3 of a year: A superstitious unit of time used in astrology, each of them representing a star sign. terasecond: 10 12 s: About 31,709 years. megaannum: 10 6 yr: Also called "megayear". 1000 millennia (plural of millennium), or 1 million years (in geology, abbreviated as Ma ...
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The group is also called the titanium group or titanium family after its lightest member. As is typical for early transition metals, zirconium and hafnium have only the group oxidation state of +4 as a major one, and are quite electropositive and have a less rich coordination chemistry.
Steven Weinberg (/ ˈ w aɪ n b ɜːr ɡ /; May 3, 1933 – July 23, 2021) was an American theoretical physicist and Nobel laureate in physics for his contributions with Abdus Salam and Sheldon Glashow to the unification of the weak force and electromagnetic interaction between elementary particles.
The Millennium Run, or Millennium Simulation (referring to its size [1] [2]) is a computer N-body simulation used to investigate how the distribution of matter in the Universe has evolved over time, in particular, how the observed population of galaxies was formed.