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Indigo dye is a dark blue crystalline powder that sublimes at 390–392 °C (734–738 °F). It is insoluble in water, alcohol, or ether, but soluble in DMSO, chloroform, nitrobenzene, and concentrated sulfuric acid. The chemical formula of indigo is C 16 H 10 N 2 O 2.
True indigo is a shrub 1–2 metres (3 ft 3 in – 6 ft 7 in) high. It may be an annual, biennial, or perennial, depending on the climate in which it is grown. It has light green pinnate leaves and sheafs of pink or violet flowers. The rotenoids deguelin, dehydrodeguelin, rotenol, rotenone, tephrosin and sumatrol can be found in I. tinctoria. [3]
The first archaeological finds of woad seeds date to the Neolithic period. The seeds have been found in the cave of l'Audoste, Bouches-du-Rhône, France.Impressions of seeds of Färberwaid (Isatis tinctoria L.) or German indigo, of the plant family Brassicaceae, have been found on pottery in the Iron Age settlement of Heuneburg, Germany.
Indigofera is a varied genus that has shown unique characteristics making it an interesting candidate as a potential perennial crop. [clarification needed] Specifically, there is diverse variation among species with a number of unique characteristics.
Common names include Chinese indigo, Japanese indigo and dyer's knotweed. [2] [3] [4] It is native to Eastern Europe and Asia. The leaves are a source of indigo dye. It was already in use in the Western Zhou period (c. 1045 BC – 771 BC), and was the most important blue dye in East Asia until the arrival of Indigofera from the south.
Indigo carmine, or 5,5′-indigodisulfonic acid sodium salt, is an organic salt derived from indigo by aromatic sulfonation, which renders the compound soluble in water. Like indigo, it produces a blue color , and is used in food and other consumables , cosmetics, and as a medical contrast agent and staining agent; it also acts as a pH indicator .
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Indigo is slightly soluble in hot water. To dye with indigo place the indigo powder in the bottom of a large pot of water. Add the item to be dyed and barely simmer until the desired shade is produced. Stirring the item helps keep the dying even. Please note that, in use on fabric, indigo wicks moisture. It helps make cloth cooler.
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