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Multi-mode links can be used for data rates up to 800 Gbit/s. Multi-mode fiber has a fairly large core diameter that enables multiple light modes to be propagated and limits the maximum length of a transmission link because of modal dispersion. The standard G.651.1 defines the most widely used forms of multi-mode optical fiber.
Eight-lane using individual strands of multi-mode fiber with 100 m reach 400GBASE-SR4.2 802.3cm-2020 (150) MPO-12 Eight-lane using four multi-mode fiber pairs and two wavelengths (850 and 910 nm) with 70/100/150 m reach over OM3/OM4/OM5 respectively 400GBASE-ER8 802.3cn-2019 (122) SC, LC
Multimode fiber is approximately 62.5 μm in diameter and utilizes light-emitting diodes to carry signals over a maximum distance of about 2 kilometers. [1] Single mode fiber is approximately 10 μm in diameter and is capable of carrying signals over tens of miles. [1] Like copper wire, optical fiber currently costs about $1 per foot. [1]
A multi-mode optical fiber has a larger core (≥ 50 micrometers), allowing less precise, cheaper transmitters and receivers to connect to it as well as cheaper connectors. However, a multi-mode fiber introduces multimode distortion, which often limits the bandwidth and length of the link.
The term equilibrium length is sometimes used to describe a stationary mode distribution, which is the length of multi-mode optical fiber necessary to attain a static mode distribution from a specific excitation condition. Equilibrium length is, strictly, the longest such length, as would result from a widely variable range of input excitation.
Optical fiber, which has emerged as the most commonly used transmission medium for long-distance communications, is a thin strand of glass that guides light along its length. Four major factors favor optical fiber over copper: data rates, distance, installation, and costs. Optical fiber can carry huge amounts of data compared to copper.
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The numerical aperture of a multimode optical fiber is a function of the indices of refraction of the cladding and the core: Diagram showing how the light refracts at the core/cladding interface. With the angle of refraction being dependent upon the difference in index of refraction, n, of core and cladding.