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In Unix and Unix-like operating systems, printf is a shell builtin (and utility program [2]) that formats and outputs text like the same-named C function. Originally named for outputting to a printer, it actually outputs to standard output. [3] The command accepts a format string, which specifies how to format values, and a list of values.
According to the Open Group Base Specifications, IFS is an abbreviation for "input field separators." [1] A newer version of this specification mentions that "this name is misleading as the IFS characters are actually used as field terminators."
When it has completed its operation for the last file, paste will output a newline character and move on to the next line. paste exits after all streams return end of file. The number of lines in the output stream will equal the number of lines in the input file with the largest number of lines. Missing values are represented by empty strings.
A shell portability mode where command lines can be interpreted in conformance with the POSIX standard; Command parsing: Comments are ignored: Bourne-style # hashtag comments, and; Thompson-style : colon comments; Commands are parsed one line at a time: Control structures are honored, and; Backslash \ escapes are also honored at the ends of lines;
here doc with <<-a single space character (i.e. 0x20 ) is at the beginning of this line this line begins with a single tab character i.e 0x09 as does the next line the intended end was before this line and these were not processed by tr +++++ here doc with << a single space character (i.e. 0x20 ) is at the beginning of this line this line ...
A common way to handle formatting with a custom data type is to format the custom data type value into a string, then use the %s specifier to include the serialized value in a larger message. Some printf-like functions allow extensions to the escape-character -based mini-language , thus allowing the programmer to use a specific formatting ...
This displays the first 5 lines of all files starting with foo: head -n 5 foo* Most versions [citation needed] allow omitting n and instead directly specifying the number: -5. GNU head allows negative arguments for the -n option, meaning to print all but the last - argument value counted - lines of each input file.-c bytes --bytes = bytes
Standard input is a stream from which a program reads its input data. The program requests data transfers by use of the read operation. Not all programs require stream input. For example, the dir and ls programs (which display file names contained in a directory) may take command-line arguments, but perform their operations without any stream ...