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Metallurgists throughout medieval Europe were generally free to move within different regions. For instance, German metallurgists in search of rich precious metal ores took the lead in mining and influenced the course of metal production, not only in East and South Germany but also in almost all of Central Europe and the Eastern Alps.
Sican tumi, or ceremonial knife, Peru, 850–1500 CE. Metallurgy in pre-Columbian America is the extraction, purification and alloying of metals and metal crafting by Indigenous peoples of the Americas prior to European contact in the late 15th century.
There was no fundamental change in the technology of iron production in Europe for many centuries. European metal workers continued to produce iron in bloomeries. However, the Medieval period brought two developments—the use of water power in the bloomery process in various places (outlined above), and the first European production in cast iron.
Leamouth: Thames Ironworks & Shipbuilding Company (1837–1912) Rotherhithe: The Pageants (1700s) [38] London and Glasgow Shipbuilding Company (1864–1912) Merseyside. Birkenhead: Cammell Laird (1828–1993) [39] North Yorkshire. Middlesbrough. A&P Tees [40] Parkol Marine Engineering (2017-present) Smiths Dock Company (1907–1987) [41] Whitby ...
Besides "Montepellusanus", [4] during the thirteenth century (and beyond) the only supply of saltpeter across Christian Europe (according to "De Alchimia" in 3 manuscripts of Michael Scot, 1180–1236) was "found in Spain in Aragonia in a certain mountain near the sea", (which can only be Catalonia): saraceni apellant ipsum borax et credunt quod sit alumen.
The American system of manufacturing was a set of manufacturing methods that evolved in the 19th century. [1] The two notable features were the extensive use of interchangeable parts and mechanization for production, which resulted in more efficient use of labor compared to hand methods.
From a combined iron and steel production of 203 million tons in 1979, US output fell almost in half, to 107 million tons in 1982. Some steel companies declared bankruptcy, and many permanently closed steelmaking plants. By 1989, US combined iron and steel production recovered to 142 million tons, a much lower level than in the 1960s and 1970s.
Metal production in the ancient Middle East. The metals of antiquity are the seven metals which humans had identified and found use for in prehistoric times in Africa, Europe and throughout Asia: [1] gold, silver, copper, tin, lead, iron, and mercury.