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  2. Normalization (machine learning) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Normalization_(machine...

    Weight normalization (WeightNorm) [18] is a technique inspired by BatchNorm that normalizes weight matrices in a neural network, rather than its activations. One example is spectral normalization , which divides weight matrices by their spectral norm .

  3. Batch normalization - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batch_normalization

    The correlation between the gradients are computed for four models: a standard VGG network, [5] a VGG network with batch normalization layers, a 25-layer deep linear network (DLN) trained with full-batch gradient descent, and a DLN network with batch normalization layers. Interestingly, it is shown that the standard VGG and DLN models both have ...

  4. Oja's rule - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oja's_rule

    where as before w ij is the synaptic weight between the i th input and j th output neurons, x is the input, y is the postsynaptic output, and we define ε to be a constant analogous the learning rate, and c pre and c post are presynaptic and postsynaptic functions that model the weakening of signals over time.

  5. Flow-based generative model - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flow-based_generative_model

    A flow-based generative model is a generative model used in machine learning that explicitly models a probability distribution by leveraging normalizing flow, [1] [2] [3] which is a statistical method using the change-of-variable law of probabilities to transform a simple distribution into a complex one.

  6. Feature scaling - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feature_scaling

    Without normalization, the clusters were arranged along the x-axis, since it is the axis with most of variation. After normalization, the clusters are recovered as expected. In machine learning, we can handle various types of data, e.g. audio signals and pixel values for image data, and this data can include multiple dimensions. Feature ...

  7. Vanishing gradient problem - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanishing_gradient_problem

    In such methods, during each training iteration, each neural network weight receives an update proportional to the partial derivative of the loss function with respect to the current weight. [1] The problem is that as the network depth or sequence length increases, the gradient magnitude typically is expected to decrease (or grow uncontrollably ...

  8. Trump warns BRICS nations against replacing US dollar

    www.aol.com/news/trump-warns-brics-nations...

    U.S. President-elect Donald Trump on Saturday demanded that BRICS member countries commit to not creating a new currency or supporting another currency that would replace the United States dollar ...

  9. PDF - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PDF

    Interactive Forms is a mechanism to add forms to the PDF file format. PDF currently supports two different methods for integrating data and PDF forms. Both formats today coexist in the PDF specification: [37] [52] [53] [54] AcroForms (also known as Acrobat forms), introduced in the PDF 1.2 format specification and included in all later PDF ...