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Chemicals used in the production of chemical weapons also left residues in the soil where the weapons were used. The chemicals that were detected can cause cancer and can affect the brain, blood, liver, kidneys and skin. [101] The development and production of chemical weapons threatened public health and introduced a new set of challenges.
The year the United States entered World War I was marked by near disaster for the Allies on all the European fronts. A French offensive in April, with which the British cooperated, was a failure, and was followed by widespread mutinies in the French armies.
World War I was the first war to see major use of planes for offensive, defensive and reconnaissance operations, and both the Entente Powers and the Central Powers used planes extensively. Almost as soon as they were invented, planes were drafted for military service. Battles: 1914 in aviation. Raid on Cuxhaven; Air combat of October 5, 1914
In 1917, during the First World War, the armies on the Western Front continued to change their fighting methods, due to the consequences of increased firepower, more automatic weapons, decentralisation of authority and the integration of specialised branches, equipment and techniques into the traditional structures of infantry, artillery and cavalry.
American losses were worsened by the inexperience of many of the troops, the tactics used during the early phases of the operation, and the widespread onset of the global influenza outbreak called the "Spanish flu." The offensive was the principal engagement of the American Expeditionary Forces (AEF) in World War I.
They were much more loose, much more porous, much more capable of change." [13] The most important alliances in Europe required participants to agree to collective defence if they were attacked. Some represented formal alliances, but the Triple Entente represented only a frame of mind: German-Austrian Treaty (1879) The Franco-Russian Alliance ...
The Battle of Cantigny, fought May 28, 1918, [4] was the first major American battle and offensive of World War I. [5] The U.S. 1st Division , the most experienced of the five American divisions then in France and in reserve for the French Army near the village of Cantigny , was selected for the attack.
While knowledge was being accumulated regarding the biology of phages and how to use phage cocktails correctly, early uses of phage therapy were often unreliable. [29] Since the early 20th century, research into the development of viable therapeutic antibiotics had also been underway, and by 1942, the antibiotic penicillin G had been ...