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Waterlogged wood is a wooden object that has been submerged or partially submerged in water and has affected the original intended purpose or look of the object. . Waterlogged wood objects can also include wood found within moist soil from archaeological sites, underwater archaeology, maritime debris, or damaged w
Pure gold will usually survive underwater for a long period of time without corroding. With silver objects, it will corrode quite easily, become very fragile, and form layers of concretion . Copper , brass and bronze can develop a shiny pitted surface and can become covered with a layer of concretion as well as green or black corrosion.
The material remains should provide clues to the functions of seaworthiness, navigation and propulsion as well as to ship-board life. These clues can also infer how a ship functioned, in special regards to social, political, and economic systems. [4] These underwater shipwreck sites are protected under the UNESCO Convention.
The bow and stern may remain relatively intact for longer as they are usually more heavily constructed. Heavy machinery like boilers, engines, pumps, winches, propellers, propeller shafts, steering gear, anchors and other heavy fittings also last longer and can provide support to the remaining hull, or cause it to collapse more rapidly.
Marine sediment, or ocean sediment, or seafloor sediment, are deposits of insoluble particles that have accumulated on the seafloor.These particles either have their origins in soil and rocks and have been transported from the land to the sea, mainly by rivers but also by dust carried by wind and by the flow of glaciers into the sea, or they are biogenic deposits from marine organisms or from ...
The Romans first used hydraulic concrete in coastal underwater structures, probably in the harbours around Baiae before the end of the 2nd century BC. [12] The harbour of Caesarea is an example (22-15 BC) of the use of underwater Roman concrete technology on a large scale, [10] for which enormous quantities of pozzolana were imported from ...
Titan, previously named Cyclops 2, was a submersible created and operated by the American underwater-tourism company OceanGate.It was the first privately-owned submersible with a claimed maximum depth of 4,000 metres (13,000 ft) [2], and the first completed crewed submersible with a hull constructed of titanium and carbon fiber composite materials.
The metal sheathing of Cutty Sark, made from the copper alloy Muntz metal. Copper sheathing is a method for protecting the hull of a wooden vessel from attack by shipworm, barnacles and other marine growth through the use of copper plates affixed to the surface of the hull, below the waterline.