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In particle physics, the quark model is a classification scheme for hadrons in terms of their valence quarks—the quarks and antiquarks that give rise to the quantum numbers of the hadrons. The quark model underlies "flavor SU(3)" , or the Eightfold Way , the successful classification scheme organizing the large number of lighter hadrons that ...
The discovery finally convinced the physics community of the quark model's validity. [35] In the following years a number of suggestions appeared for extending the quark model to six quarks. Of these, the 1975 paper by Haim Harari [41] was the first to coin the terms top and bottom for the additional quarks. [42]
An atom consists of a small, heavy nucleus surrounded by a relatively large, light cloud of electrons. An atomic nucleus consists of 1 or more protons and 0 or more neutrons. Protons and neutrons are, in turn, made of quarks. Each type of atom corresponds to a specific chemical element. To date, 118 elements have been discovered or created.
Zweig called the elementary particles "aces" while Gell-Mann called them "quarks"; the theory came to be called the quark model. [5] The strong attraction between nucleons was the side-effect of a more fundamental force that bound the quarks together into protons and neutrons.
Other effective theories are heavy quark effective theory (which expands around heavy quark mass near infinity), and soft-collinear effective theory (which expands around large ratios of energy scales). In addition to effective theories, models like the Nambu–Jona-Lasinio model and the chiral model are often used when discussing general features.
The constituent quark model wavefunction for the proton is | ... The chemical properties of each atom are determined by the number of (negatively charged) ...
In the Standard model of particle physics, nucleons are in the group called hadrons, the smallest known particles in the universe to have measurable size and shape. [1] Each is in turn composed of three quarks. The spatial extent and shape of nucleons (and nuclides assembled from them) ultimately involves quark interactions within and between ...
[46] [47] A similar scheme had been independently proposed by Yuval Ne'eman, and has come to be explained by the quark model. [48] Gell-Mann referred to the scheme as the eightfold way, because of the octets of particles in the classification (the term is a reference to the Eightfold Path of Buddhism). [3] [15]
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