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During the Cold War, the Soviet Union used propaganda and disinformation as "active measures...against the populations of Western nations".[11]: 51 During the administration of Boris Yeltsin, the first President of Russia after the collapse of the Soviet Union, "disinformation" was discussed in the Russian media and by Russian politicians in relation to the disinformation of the Soviet era ...
Panfilov's Twenty-Eight Guardsmen – WW2 example of Soviet disinformation; Russian web brigades – Russian state-sponsored Internet commentators; Social media in the Russo-Ukrainian War – The avenue by which much disinformation has spread; Vulkan files leak – Leaks implicating the Russian company NTC Vulkan in acts of cybercrime
The following is a list of websites, separated by owner or disinformation campaign, that have both been considered by journalists and researchers as distributing false news - or otherwise participating in disinformation - and have been designated by journalists and researchers as likely being linked to political actors based in Russia.
Cyberwarfare by Russia includes denial of service attacks, hacker attacks, dissemination of disinformation and propaganda, participation of state-sponsored teams in political blogs, internet surveillance using SORM technology, persecution of cyber-dissidents and other active measures. [1]
The Shorenstein Center at Harvard University defines disinformation research as an academic field that studies "the spread and impacts of misinformation, disinformation, and media manipulation," including "how it spreads through online and offline channels, and why people are susceptible to believing bad information, and successful strategies for mitigating its impact". [23]
Traditional media channels can be used to spread disinformation. For example, Russia Today is a state-funded news channel that is broadcast internationally. It aims to boost Russia's reputation abroad and also depict Western nations, such as the U.S., in a negative light.
Russia has been accused of engaging in propaganda campaigns in an effort to sway public opinion concerning the nation's annexation of Crimea in 2014. Russian social media operations were allegedly undertaken to use misinformation to appeal to pro-Russian forces in Crimea, while discrediting rebel and separatist groups.
The building of TASS, a Russian state-owned news agency accused of propaganda against Ukraine. The Russian information war against Ukraine was articulated by the Russian government as part of the Gerasimov doctrine. [1] [2] [3] They believed that Western governments were instigating color revolutions in former Soviet states which posed a threat ...