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Valproic acid has been found to be an antagonist of the androgen and progesterone receptors, and hence as a nonsteroidal antiandrogen and antiprogestogen, at concentrations much lower than therapeutic serum levels. [60] In addition, the drug has been identified as a potent aromatase inhibitor, and suppresses estrogen concentrations. [61]
A trough level is contrasted with a "peak level" (C max), which is the highest level of the medicine in the body, and the "average level", which is the mean level over time. It is widely used in clinical trials for newer medicines to investigate therapeutic effectiveness and safety.
Therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) is a branch of clinical chemistry and clinical pharmacology that specializes in the measurement of medication levels in blood. Its main focus is on drugs with a narrow therapeutic range , i.e. drugs that can easily be under- or overdosed. [ 1 ]
Short term drug side effects are most likely to occur at or near the C max, whereas the therapeutic effect of drug with sustained duration of action usually occurs at concentrations slightly above the C min. [citation needed] The C max is often measured in an effort to show bioequivalence (BE) between a generic and innovator drug product. [4]
The ATC classification system is a strict hierarchy, [5] meaning that each code necessarily has one and only one parent code, except for the 14 codes at the topmost level which have no parents. The codes are semantic identifiers, [ 5 ] meaning they depict information by themselves beyond serving as identifiers (namely, the codes depict ...
Valproic acid, and its derivatives such as sodium valproate and divalproex sodium, causes cognitive deficit in the child, with an increased dose causing decreased intelligence quotient and use is associated with adverse neurodevelopmental outcomes (cognitive and behavioral) in children.
Depakote, Epival, Ergenyl Chrono Sodium valproate and valproic acid in 2.3:1 ratio: Depakine Chrono, Depakine Chronosphere, Epilim Chrono, Epilim Chronosphere
At a practical level, a drug's bioavailability can be defined as the proportion of the drug that reaches the systemic circulation. From this perspective the intravenous administration of a drug provides the greatest possible bioavailability, and this method is considered to yield a bioavailability of 1 (or 100%).