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Flunixin is a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID), analgesic, and antipyretic used in horses, cattle and pigs. It is often formulated as the meglumine salt.In the United States, it is regulated by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA), and may only be lawfully distributed by order of a licensed veterinarian.
Common side effects include hot flashes, unstable mood, trouble sleeping, headaches, and pain at the site of injection. [10] Other side effects may include high blood sugar, allergic reactions, and problems with the pituitary gland. [10] Use during pregnancy may harm foetal development. [10] Leuprorelin was patented in 1973 and approved for ...
Detomidine is a sedative with analgesic properties. [3] α2-adrenergic agonists produce dose-dependent sedative and analgesic effects, mediated by activation of α2 catecholamine receptors, thus inducing a negative feedback response, reducing production of excitatory neurotransmitters.
A gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist (GnRH agonist) is a type of medication which affects gonadotropins and sex hormones. [1] They are used for a variety of indications including in fertility medicine and to lower sex hormone levels in the treatment of hormone-sensitive cancers such as prostate cancer and breast cancer, certain gynecological disorders like heavy periods and endometriosis ...
Butorphanol is a narcotic used for pain relief in horses. [15] It is administered either IM or IV, with its analgesic properties beginning to take effect about 15 minutes after injection and lasting 4 hours. [16] It is also commonly paired with sedatives, such as xylazine and detomidine, to make the horse easier to handle during veterinary ...
Oral administration can result in diarrhoea and gastrointestinal disturbance. This is particularly true of horses, such that it can be fatal. [9] Tylosin also has a foul taste that is difficult to disguise. The injectable formulations of tylosin can cause pain, inflammation, and itchiness around the injection site. [citation needed]
Equine influenza is characterized by a very high rate of transmission among horses, and has a relatively short incubation time of one to three days. [6] Clinical signs of equine influenza include fever (up to 106 °F [41 °C]), nasal discharge, have a dry, hacking cough, depression, loss of appetite and weakness. [6]
The degree of these effects in horses after intramuscular injection has relatively little support in the current literature. [35] However, there is much anecdotal evidence of their benefits for synovitis and osteoarthritis, and PSGAGs are very commonly used by veterinarians in the United States involved in racehorse and show horse practice. [ 36 ]