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In the table below, the label "Undefined" represents a ratio : If the codomain of the trigonometric functions is taken to be the real numbers these entries are undefined , whereas if the codomain is taken to be the projectively extended real numbers , these entries take the value ∞ {\displaystyle \infty } (see division by zero ).
The other four trigonometric functions (tan, cot, sec, csc) can be defined as quotients and reciprocals of sin and cos, except where zero occurs in the denominator. It can be proved, for real arguments, that these definitions coincide with elementary geometric definitions if the argument is regarded as an angle in radians. [ 5 ]
This operation is undefined in arithmetic, and therefore deductions based on division by zero can be contradictory. If we assume that a non-zero answer n {\displaystyle n} exists when some non-zero number k {\displaystyle k} is divided by zero, then that would imply that k = n × 0 {\displaystyle k=n\times 0} .
The six trigonometric functions are defined for every real number, except, for some of them, for angles that differ from 0 by a multiple of the right angle (90°). Referring to the diagram at the right, the six trigonometric functions of θ are, for angles smaller than the right angle:
The treatment of 0 0 also varies across different computer programming languages and software. While many follow the convention of assigning 0 0 = 1 for practical reasons, others leave it undefined or return errors depending on the context of use, reflecting the ambiguity of the expression in mathematical analysis.
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A calculation confirms that z(0) = 1, and z is a constant so z = 1 for all x, so the Pythagorean identity is established. A similar proof can be completed using power series as above to establish that the sine has as its derivative the cosine, and the cosine has as its derivative the negative sine.
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