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Some languages form the negative of existential clauses irregularly; for example, in Russian, есть yest ("there is/are") is used in affirmative existential clauses (in the present tense), but the negative equivalent is нет nyet ("there is/are not"), used with the logical subject in the genitive case.
An existential graph is a type of diagrammatic or visual notation for logical expressions, created by Charles Sanders Peirce, who wrote on graphical logic as early as 1882, [1] and continued to develop the method until his death in 1914. They include both a separate graphical notation for logical statements and a logical calculus, a formal ...
The existential closure in K of a member M of K, when it exists, is, up to isomorphism, the least existentially closed superstructure of M. More precisely, it is any extensionally closed superstructure M ∗ of M such that for every existentially closed superstructure N of M , M ∗ is isomorphic to a substructure of N via an isomorphism that ...
That is, every problem in the existential theory of the reals has a polynomial-time many-one reduction to an instance of one of these problems, and in turn these problems are reducible to the existential theory of the reals. [4] [17] A number of problems of this type concern the recognition of intersection graphs of a certain type.
In predicate logic, an existential quantification is a type of quantifier, a logical constant which is interpreted as "there exists", "there is at least one", or "for some". It is usually denoted by the logical operator symbol ∃, which, when used together with a predicate variable, is called an existential quantifier (" ∃ x " or " ∃( x ...
In situation theory, situation semantics (pioneered by Jon Barwise and John Perry in the early 1980s) [1] attempts to provide a solid theoretical foundation for reasoning about common-sense and real world situations, typically in the context of theoretical linguistics, theoretical philosophy, or applied natural language processing,
Substantial form is a central philosophical concept in Aristotelianism and, afterwards, in Scholasticism. The form is the idea , existent or embodied in a being, that completes or actualizes the potentiality latent in the matter composing the being itself.
Types in the theory are defined by applying two forms of type abstraction, starting with an initial collection of basic types. Basic types: TIM: the type of a temporal location; LOC: the type of a spatial location; IND: the type of an individual; RELn: the type of an n-place relation; SIT: the type of a situation; INF: the type of an infon