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An existential graph is a type of diagrammatic or visual notation for logical expressions, created by Charles Sanders Peirce, who wrote on graphical logic as early as 1882, [1] and continued to develop the method until his death in 1914. They include both a separate graphical notation for logical statements and a logical calculus, a formal ...
In situation theory, situation semantics (pioneered by Jon Barwise and John Perry in the early 1980s) [1] attempts to provide a solid theoretical foundation for reasoning about common-sense and real world situations, typically in the context of theoretical linguistics, theoretical philosophy, or applied natural language processing,
In predicate logic, an existential quantification is a type of quantifier, a logical constant which is interpreted as "there exists", "there is at least one", or "for some". It is usually denoted by the logical operator symbol ∃, which, when used together with a predicate variable, is called an existential quantifier (" ∃ x " or " ∃( x ...
The existential closure in K of a member M of K, when it exists, is, up to isomorphism, the least existentially closed superstructure of M. More precisely, it is any extensionally closed superstructure M ∗ of M such that for every existentially closed superstructure N of M , M ∗ is isomorphic to a substructure of N via an isomorphism that ...
Types in the theory are defined by applying two forms of type abstraction, starting with an initial collection of basic types. Basic types: TIM: the type of a temporal location; LOC: the type of a spatial location; IND: the type of an individual; RELn: the type of an n-place relation; SIT: the type of a situation; INF: the type of an infon
A limit situation (German: Grenzsituation) is any of certain situations in which a human being is said to have experiences that differ from those arising from ordinary situations. [ 1 ] The concept was developed by Karl Jaspers , who considered fright, guilt, finality and suffering as some of the key limit situations arising in everyday life.
In predicate logic, existential generalization [1] [2] (also known as existential introduction, ∃I) is a valid rule of inference that allows one to move from a specific statement, or one instance, to a quantified generalized statement, or existential proposition.
That is, every problem in the existential theory of the reals has a polynomial-time many-one reduction to an instance of one of these problems, and in turn these problems are reducible to the existential theory of the reals. [4] [17] A number of problems of this type concern the recognition of intersection graphs of a certain type.