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The 3-sphere centered at the origin with radius 1 is called the unit 3-sphere and is usually denoted S 3: = ... Writing in the American Journal of Physics, [5] ...
Another type of sphere arises from a 4-ball, whose three-dimensional surface is the 3-sphere: points equidistant to the origin of the euclidean space R 4. If a point has coordinates, P ( x , y , z , w ) , then x 2 + y 2 + z 2 + w 2 = 1 characterizes those points on the unit 3-sphere centered at the origin.
The standard "physics convention" 3-tuple set (,,) conflicts with the usual notation for two-dimensional polar coordinates and three-dimensional cylindrical coordinates, where θ is often used for the azimuth. [3] Angles are typically measured in degrees (°) or in radians (rad), where 360° = 2 π rad. The use of degrees is most common in ...
This representation is a higher-dimensional analog of the gnomonic projection, mapping unit quaternions from a 3-sphere onto the 3-dimensional pure-vector hyperplane. It has a discontinuity at 180° (π radians): as any rotation vector r tends to an angle of π radians, its tangent tends to infinity.
Technically, Hopf found a many-to-one continuous function (or "map") from the 3-sphere onto the 2-sphere such that each distinct point of the 2-sphere is mapped from a distinct great circle of the 3-sphere . [1] Thus the 3-sphere is composed of fibers, where each fiber is a circle — one for each point of the 2-sphere.
The group Spin(3) is isomorphic to the special unitary group SU(2); it is also diffeomorphic to the unit 3-sphere S 3 and can be understood as the group of versors (quaternions with absolute value 1). The connection between quaternions and rotations, commonly exploited in computer graphics, is explained in quaternions and spatial rotations.
In physics, specifically classical mechanics, the three-body problem is to take the initial positions and velocities (or momenta) of three point masses that orbit each other in space and calculate their subsequent trajectories using Newton's laws of motion and Newton's law of universal gravitation.
The lens space L(1,0) is the 3-sphere, and the lens space L(2,1) is 3 dimensional real projective space. Lens spaces can be represented as Seifert fiber spaces in many ways, usually as fiber spaces over the 2-sphere with at most two exceptional fibers, though the lens space with fundamental group of order 4 also has a representation as a ...