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UTF-8 is a character encoding standard used for electronic communication. Defined by the Unicode Standard, the name is derived from Unicode Transformation Format – 8-bit. [1] Almost every webpage is stored in UTF-8. UTF-8 supports all 1,112,064 [2] valid code points using a variable-width encoding of one to four one-byte (8-bit) code units.
HTML and XML provide ways to reference Unicode characters when the characters themselves either cannot or should not be used. A numeric character reference refers to a character by its Universal Character Set/Unicode code point, and a character entity reference refers to a character by a predefined name. A numeric character reference uses the ...
Unicode also includes codepoints for subscript and superscript characters that are intended for semantic usage, in the following blocks: [1] [8] Superscript. The Latin-1 Supplement block contains the feminine and masculine ordinal indicators ª and º. The Latin Extended-C block contains one superscript, ⱽ.
In Unicode, the implicit directional mark characters are encoded at U+061C ARABIC LETTER MARK, U+200E LEFT-TO-RIGHT MARK (‎) and U+200F RIGHT-TO-LEFT MARK (‏). In UTF-8 these are D8 9C, E2 80 8E and E2 80 8F respectively. Usage is prescribed in the Unicode Bidirectional Algorithm. [1]
The Unicode Standard encodes almost all standard characters used in mathematics. [1] Unicode Technical Report #25 provides comprehensive information about the character repertoire, their properties, and guidelines for implementation. [1] Mathematical operators and symbols are in multiple Unicode blocks. Some of these blocks are dedicated to, or ...
The Universal Coded Character Set (UCS, Unicode) is a standard set of characters defined by the international standard ISO/IEC 10646, Information technology — Universal Coded Character Set (UCS) (plus amendments to that standard), which is the basis of many character encodings, improving as characters from previously unrepresented writing systems are added.
The same character converted to UTF-8 becomes the byte sequence EF BB BF. The Unicode Standard allows the BOM "can serve as a signature for UTF-8 encoded text where the character set is unmarked". [76] Some software developers have adopted it for other encodings, including UTF-8, in an attempt to distinguish UTF-8 from local 8-bit code pages.
In Unicode, a Private Use Area (PUA) is a range of code points that, by definition, will not be assigned characters by the standard. [1] Three private use areas are defined: one in the Basic Multilingual Plane (U+E000–U+F8FF), and one each in, and nearly covering, planes 15 and 16 (U+F0000–U+FFFFD, U+100000–U+10FFFD).