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Numerous Roman mosaics from North African sites depict fauna now found only in tropical Africa, [6] although it's unclear whether any climate change contributed to that. Throughout the entire Roman Kingdom and the Republic there was the so-called Subatlantic period , in which the Greek and Etruscan city-states also developed. [ 7 ]
The Roman Warm Period, or Roman Climatic Optimum, was a period of unusually-warm weather in Europe and the North Atlantic that ran from approximately 250 BC to AD 400. [1] Theophrastus (371 – c. 287 BC) wrote that date trees could grow in Greece if they were planted but that they could not set fruit there.
Smith et al. 2006 "Reconstructing hemispheric-scale climates from multiple stalagmite records". Lee, Zwiers & Tsao 2008 "Evaluation of proxy-based millennial reconstruction methods". Huang, Pollack & Shen 2008 "A late Quaternary climate reconstruction based on borehole heat flux data, borehole temperature data, and the instrumental record"
As instrumental records only span a tiny part of Earth's history, the reconstruction of ancient climate is important to understand natural variation and the evolution of the current climate. Paleoclimatology uses a variety of proxy methods from Earth and life sciences to obtain data previously preserved within rocks , sediments , boreholes ...
Reconstruction of Pomponius Mela's world map by Konrad Miller (1898) Pomponius Mela, who wrote around AD 43, was the earliest known Roman geographer. He was born at the end of the 1st century BC in Tingentera (now Algeciras) and died c. AD 45. His short work (De situ orbis libri III.) remained in use nearly to the year 1500. [1]
Geoarchaeological survey of stratigraphic units using a versatile coring unit, a common tool for environmental archaeologists. Environmental archaeology is a sub-field of archaeology which emerged in 1970s [1] and is the science of reconstructing the relationships between past societies and the environments they lived in. [2] [3] The field represents an archaeological-palaeoecological approach ...
Roman public baths in Bath, England.The entire structure above the level of the pillar bases is a later reconstruction. Bulla Regia, inside the thermal baths. In ancient Rome, thermae (from Greek θερμός thermos, "hot") and balneae (from Greek βαλανεῖον balaneion) were facilities for bathing.
Version one of 20CR, covering 1891 to 2008, was released in Autumn 2009. Version two, covering 1871 to 2010, appeared in December 2011. Version 3, 20CRv3, going back to 1836, was published in October 2019. [2] It is intended that all the data recovered and the 20CR will be made freely available. [1]