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Ayres's theoretical framework for what she called Sensory Integration Dysfunction was developed after six factor analytic studies of populations of children with learning disabilities, perceptual motor disabilities and normal developing children. [81] Ayres created the following nosology based on the patterns that appeared on her factor analysis:
For patients with visuospatial dysgnosia, the information input may be strengthened by adding tactile, motor, and verbal perceptual inputs. This comes from the general occupational therapy practice of teaching clients with intellectual dysfunctions to use the most effective combinations of perceptual input modalities, which may enable them to complete a task.
Models based on this idea have been used to describe various visual perceptual functions, such as the perception of motion, the perception of depth, and figure-ground perception. [14] [15] The "wholly empirical theory of perception" is a related and newer approach that rationalizes visual perception without explicitly invoking Bayesian formalisms.
Visual impairment can also be caused by problems in the brain due to stroke, premature birth, or trauma, among others. [12] These cases are known as cortical visual impairment. [12] Screening for vision problems in children may improve future vision and educational achievement. [13] Screening adults without symptoms is of uncertain benefit. [14]
Nonverbal learning disabilities" were further discussed by Myklebust in 1975 as representing a subtype of learning "disability" with a range of presentations involving "mainly visual cognitive processing," social imperception, a gap between higher verbal ability and lower nonverbal processing, as well as difficulty with handwriting. [33]
Topographical disorientation is the inability to orient oneself in one's surroundings, sometimes as a result of focal brain damage. [1] This disability may result from the inability to make use of selective spatial information (e.g., environmental landmarks) or to orient by means of specific cognitive strategies such as the ability to form a mental representation of the environment, also known ...
Construction problems are usually caused by visual perception deficits. They require normal vision and the ability to execute a series of motor activities. When looking at performance, it is important to consider perceptual and executive functioning. A patient with trouble visually recognizing patterns or spatial relations may have difficulty ...